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| layout | title | permalink |
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| page | Microsoft OS/2 SDK 1.02 | /disks/pc/tools/microsoft/os2/sdk/1.02/ |
Microsoft OS/2 SDK 1.02
This copy of the Microsoft OS/2 SDK (1.02) was obtained from the WinWorld website. Unfortunately, it's missing the NETWORK disk, so we've included an empty NETWORK disk that allows the SDK installation script to finish.
This SDK was released in December 1987 along with Microsoft OS/2 1.0. We do not have any of the printed documentation that came with the SDK, such as the Installation Guide, but we do have the Microsoft® Operating System/2 Programmer’s Toolkit documentation from March 1988, thanks to the OS/2 Museum.
Installation
If you mount the TOOLKIT1 disk and look in the OS2DOC folder, you'll find READ.ME!, which includes some very useful information about the SDK installation process:
The installation guide is confusing, can you give me three easy steps to
installing the SDK?
Sure. First, put the program diskette into your machine and reboot it.
Follow the instructions. If you have a new machine, first format the
hard drive, then reboot with the program diskette.
Second: copy the files \OS2DOC\INPUT.EXE and \OS2DOC\INSTSDK.CMD from the
TOOLKIT diskette to the root of your hard drive. Run the program INSTSDK
and answer its questions.
Thats, all. [sic]
One of the first questions that the INSTSDK.CMD script asks is:
Are you installing MS OS/2 SDK on a PS/2 machine?
PCjs currently only simulates PC, XT and AT-class machines, not PS/2 machines, so you might be inclined to answer NO to that question, but in fact, the correct answer is YES, because the SDK doesn't actually care what kind of machine you're using. It's asking that question merely to determine whether you're using 3.5-inch or 5.25-inch SDK distribution diskettes. These disks happen to be the 3.5-inch versions, so you must pretend you're using a PS/2.
Also, this SDK may have only been tested with Microsoft's release of OS/2 1.0, because if you install it on IBM OS/2 1.0, the script will fail when it attempts to run LIBBUILD to build all the C runtime libraries. Apparently, this is because IBM OS/2 1.0 creates an OS2INIT.CMD with PATH set to:
C:\;C:\OS2;C:\OS2\INSTALL;
so when INSTSDK.CMD updates the PATH, it appends its own directories with a leading semi-colon, resulting in:
C:\;C:\OS2;C:\OS2\INSTALL;;C:\OS2SDK\TOOLS\BIN;C:\OS2SDK\TOOLS\PBIN
and the "double semi-colon" apparently causes PATH searches to terminate prematurely, so the LIBBUILD program will not be found.
To complete the SDK installation, fix the PATH in OS2INIT.CMD, then type the following command:
for %i in (s m c l) do libbuild %i em %LIB%
and now your MS OS/2 SDK should be fully installed. Well, not quite fully, because you won't have the files from the missing NETWORK disk; specifically:
IPCCALLS.DLL
IPCCALLS.LIB
IPCTEST.C
LANMAN.INI
MAILSLOT.H
MAKEFILE
NAMPIPE.SYS
NMPIPE.H
README.DOC
but you aren't likely to need those. We will rebuild a copy of that missing disk from other sources and include it with the SDK diskettes at a later date.
Using SDKED
As previously noted, we don't have a copy of this SDK's documentation. But we have unearthed a copy of the "User's Guide to the Z Editor" by Mark Zbikowski, August 4, 1986, included below. SDKED was an OS/2 port of the Z Editor.
.
User's Guide to the Z Editor
Mark Zbikowski
4 August 1986
Table of Contents
Starting Z..................................................... 1
Editing Functions.............................................. 4
Editing Switches and Flags.................................... 15
Keystroke Macros.............................................. 17
Index......................................................... 21
Revision History.............................................. 23
Z User's Guide
Printed: November 5, 1986 11:52 AM
What is the Z editor?
Z is an editor, a program for creating and altering files.
The editor creates the file specified or copies an existing file from
disk into memory. Then when the file is "saved", the copy in Z
overwrites the copy on disk. The copy that was overlayed may be
retrieved with the UNDEL command (see UNDEL.HLP and also the "backup"
switch below).
Z makes your screen into a window on the file you are editing. The
window can move forwards or backwards to any point in the file. The
cursor identifies the focus of each edit operation.
The simplest editing operation is to move the cursor to the place you
want to change and start typing characters. What you type is stored in
the corresponding location in the copy of the file in Z. If you are in
INSERT mode, then the characters you type are inserted at the cursor
location instead of overwriting what is already there.
The editor interprets ASCII control characters and some ASCII character
sequences as commands. Each control character has an editing command
associated with it. You can change the association between editor
commands and control characters or character sequences with the <switch>
command.
Starting Z
Z uses several environment variables during its start-up. First, Z
looks for a file called TOOLS.INI by searching all the directories
contained in the USER environment variable. Contained in this TOOLS.INI
file are any customizations you wish to make to the editor function
assignments and editor switch settings. This file is optional. Starting
Z with the /D switch prevents TOOLS.INI from being read.
Z uses a scratch file during it execution. Normally, this file (Z.VM)
is created in the root directory on the default drive when Z is started.
If you want this file to be created elsewhere, for example on a ram-
drive, you may use the TMP environment variable to direct Z to place it
elsewhere. The TMP variable is also used to locate other temporary
files that Z uses.
The TOOLS.INI file is used to maintain configuration information. The
files are divided into sections by tags which are the name of a tool
surrounded by square brackets. In the case of the Z editor, the
following tags are used:
[z] following this tag should be general Z initialization
[z-x.y] following this tag should be Z initialization peculiar to a
particular version of MSDOS.
Z User's Guide
Printed: November 5, 1986 11:52 AM
For a sample of user initialization, see the TOOLS.INI file.
The definitions in these files have one of several forms. Below are the
forms and a description of each.
NAME=xx yy zz...
This assignment directs Z to view the sequence of characters xx yy zz
... (in hexadecimal) as a single keystroke. This is often used for
naming function keys on your terminal.
NAME="chars"
Similar to the previous form except that the characters are named
explicitly. Quotes may be preceded with the "\" character to allow you
to enter them directly.
function:=function1 function2...
Defines a new function in terms of existing functions. This is called a
MACRO. When the new function is executed by Z, each function contained
in the definition is executed in order. Further information is
contained in the Keyboard Macros section below.
function:keys
Causes Z to execute the named function when the specified keys are read
from the keyboard. The keys are either a key name as defined above or a
sequence of characters to be used. Note that ^X in such a sequence
stands for CONTROL-X rather than up-arrow-X. You may have several keys
or key sequences assigned to a particular editing function, but you may
have ONLY one function on a key or sequence. A description of the
available editing functions is below.
switch:value
Set a particular configuration switch in Z to a value. See the
"switches and flags" section below for more information.
Anyway, when Z is through initializing, it attempts to read the file
specified on the command line. If Z was invoked without an argument, it
will attempt to read in the most recently edited file.
When the file has been read in, Z will display the file on the top 23
lines of the screen. The bottom two lines are used as follows:
The 24th line is used as a dialog line. Prompts and messages
appear on this line.
The 25th line is used as a status line. The information that
appears is (from left-to-right):
filename of file being edited
type of file (a guess based on the extension)
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the word modified, if you have changed the file
the length in lines of the file
the position in (row, column) form of the upper-left corner of the
screen relative to the first byte of the file. (1,1) is the top of
the file
Now for the interesting part. Normally, when a key sequence is
recognized by Z as being attached to an editing function, Z will execute
that function.
Most functions have a 'default' action which is unchangeable. You may
change this action by preceding the editing function with an argument
and/or a mode- function modifier.
Arguments are introduced by the <arg> editor function. When you enter
the <arg> function, Z will reverse the video at the current cursor
position. You may then enter the argument as follows:
A sequence of cursor movements:
If the cursor ends up on top of the <arg> then the argument is
called a nullarg and represents either the remainder of the
line up to (and possibly including the line break) or
represents the next space-terminated word on the line
depending on the editing function.
If the cursor ends up on the same line but on a different column,
the argument is called a streamarg and represents all text
from the leftmost of the <arg> and cursor up to one character
position to the left of the rightmost of the <arg> and cursor.
If the cursor ends up in the same column as the <arg> then the
argument is called a linearg and represents the range of lines
beginning with the line that contains the <arg> up to and
including the line that contains the cursor.
If the cursor ends up on a different line and column from the
<arg>, the arg is known as a boxarg and may represent either a
rectangle of text whose diagonal is delimited by the <arg> and
cursor or the sequence of characters beginning at the
uppermost of <arg> and cursor through the bottommost of <arg>
and cursor including the line breaks. This distinction is
made by the editing function itself.
You may also type normal characters. You are prompted, on the dialog
line, to enter an argument. The types of textual arguments are:
ASCII text. This is called a textarg. The argument to the
function is merely the text you have typed.
A number. This is called a numarg and is the same as if you had
moved the cursor either upward or downward the specified
number of lines.
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A bookmark. This is called a markarg. This is the same as if you
had moved the cursor to the bookmark position. To define a
bookmark, see the <mark> command.
The only mode-command modifier at the present is the <meta> command.
Its effect on each function is described in that function's description.
Editing Functions
Here is the current set of Z functions with a description of the allowed
arguments and a description of how they affect the command's operation.
Also, in each function description is the default assignment.
<arg> (^X) introduces an argument to modify a subsequent operation. To
cancel an <arg>, enter the <cancel> command. There are no modifiers
or arguments allowed for this command.
<assign> (^^) makes a Z configuration change. An argument MUST be
specified and be of the form described for TOOLS.INI above:
<arg>linearg<assign> treats each line as a separate assignment or key
definition.
<arg>textarg<assign> treats textarg as an assignment or a key
definition.
<arg>nullarg<assign> treats the remainder of the line to the right of
the cursor but not including the line break as an assignment or a
key definition.
<arg>streamarg<assign> treats the outlined text as an assignment or a
key definition.
The special case of <arg>?<assign> displays all the current keyboard
assignments.
<backtab> (SHIFT-TAB) is a cursor movement function. It will move the
cursor leftward to the next tabstop. Tabstops are defined to be every
nth character where n is settable by the tabstops editor switch.
Being a cursor movement function, <backtab> takes no arguments nor
mode-command modifiers.
<begline> (END) is a cursor movement function that places the cursor on
the first non-blank character on the line.
<meta><begline> places the cursor on the first character position on
the line regardless of the contents of the line.
<cancel> (^C) will cancel the current operation in progress. Depending
on your operating system, some of these operations may be completed
before the <cancel> is read. <cancel> will always cancel an argument
so it never takes an argument nor a mode-command modifier.
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<cdelete> (BACKSPACE or ^H) will attempt to delete the previous
character. Note that this function will NOT delete line breaks. For
that function, see the <emacscdel> function below. If the cursor is
in column 1, <cdelete> will move the cursor to the previous line and
place it just to the right of the last character on that line. If
issued while an argument was being issued, <cdelete> is treated as a
cursor-left command. If issued in insert mode, <cdelete> will delete
the previous character from the line, reducing the length of the line
by 1. If there is nothing but whitespace on the line to the left of
the cursor, the cursor is placed in column 1 of the line. If the
cursor is beyond the last non- whitespace character on the line, it is
moved to the character immediately to the right of the end of line.
Otherwise, the cursor is moved one position to the left and a space
replaces the character under the cursor.
<compile> (^U) is used to perform background compilations and to review
error messages from them.
<compile> will read the next error message and attempt to parse it
into file, row, column and message. If it is successful, Z will
read in the file, place the cursor on the appropriate row and
column, and display the message on the dialog line. <compile>
currently works with GREP, Lattice C, Microsoft C, and the C-based
Microsoft Assembler.
<meta><compile> will read error messages and advance to the first
message that is NOT for the current file.
<arg>nullarg<compile> will attempt to compile the current file,
resulting in the current file being compiled and linked. The
command and arguments used to compile the file are determined by
the extension of the file and can be changed by the extmake: switch
.
<arg>textarg<compile> uses a special command and arguments to compile
the specified text. This can be changed by using the extmake:
switch with extension "text".
<arg>streamarg<compile> as above but uses the text selected on the
screen as the arguments for the command.
<arg><arg>textarg<compile> will invoke the text as a program. The
program is assumed to display its errors in file row column message
format. This is often useful to find text in a series of files by
using GREP:
grep /l pat files ; zibo grep
grep -n pat files ; *NIX grep
<curdate> (ALT-D) is a predefined macro that will insert the current
date at the current cursor position.
<curday> is a predefined macro that will insert the current day at the
current cursor position.
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Z User's Guide
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<curfileext> is a predefined macro that is the extension of the most
recently switched file.
<curfilenam> is a predefined macro that is the file name of the most
recently switched file.
<curtime> (ALT-T) is a predefined macro that will insert the current
time at the current cursor position.
<curuser> is a predefined macro that will insert the name of the current
user at the current cursor position. This uses the MAILNAME
environment variable.
<down> (DOWN arrow) is a cursor movement function that moves the cursor
to the line below the current one. If this results in the cursor
moving off the bottom of the screen, the window is adjusted
appropriately. Being a cursor movement function, <down> takes no
arguments.
<meta><down> moves the cursor to the same column position but to the
last displayed line on the current window.
<emacscdel> (CTRL-BACKSPACE) behaves identically to <cdelete> except
that at the beginning of a line while in insert mode, <emacscdel> will
delete the line break between the current line and the previous line,
joining the two lines together.
<emacsnewl> (unassigned) behaves identically to <newline> except that
when in insert mode, it will break the current line at the current
cursor position.
<endline> (PGDN) moves the cursor beyond the last character on a line.
<meta><endline> moves the cursor to the column corresponding to the
right- most edge of the screen.
<exit> (F9) is used to terminating an editing session. There are
editing flags and switches that modify the behaviour of the <exit>
command: askexit/noaskexit, backup, entab, tmpsav (see Editing
Switches and Flags section).
<exit> saves the current file if it has been modified. Z saves its
temporary file and scans the set of in-core files. If any are
modified, Z will ask you to confirm the exit.
<meta><exit> is identical to <exit> except that it skips the save of
the current file. See <setfile> for details of the saving
operation.
<arg><exit> is identical to <exit> except that Z does not exit but
advances to the next file on the command line.
<arg><meta><exit> is identical to <arg><exit> except that Z does not
save the current file.
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Z User's Guide
Printed: November 5, 1986 11:52 AM
<home> (HOME) is a cursor movement function that places the cursor in
the upper-left-hand corner of the current window.
<information> (F1) saves the current file and <setfile>'s to the
information file which contains a list of all files in core along with
the current set of files that you have edited. The size of this list
is controlled by the tmpsav switch.
<initialize> (F2) causes Z to reread the user configuration files. This
is useful when initially configuring your editor and when attempting
to use someone else's keyboard assignments.
<initialize> rereads all the Z switches for the user configuration
files.
<arg>text<initialize> rereads all the Z switches for the system and
reads the user switches from the section of the user's TOOLS.INI
that is tagged [Z- text].
<insertmode> (^N) toggles the state of the insert mode switch. This
switch is easily seen on the right hand side of the status line. When
insert mode is on, each graphic character is inserted at the current
cursor position, the remainder of the line is shifted one character to
the right and the cursor is advanced one position. Note, however,
that the <newline> function is NOT a graphic character and does NOT
cause insertion of a line break. For this, please see the <emacsnewl>
function. Z normally is started in overstrike mode. You can use the
editor flag enterinsmode to cause Z to begin execution in insert mode.
<ldelete> (^F) deletes a range of lines or a box within a series of
lines.
<ldelete> deletes the current line and places it into the pick buffer.
<arg><ldelete> deletes from the cursor up to the end of line and
places that text into the pick buffer. Note that it does not join
the current line with the next line.
<arg>linearg<ldelete> deletes all lines specified and places the block
into the pick buffer.
<arg>boxarg<ldelete> deletes the box specified from the file and
places it into the pick buffer.
<arg>streamarg<ldelete> deletes the specified characters (treated as a
box one line high).
<left> (LEFT arrow) moves the cursor one position to the left. If this
results in the cursor being off the screen, then the window is
adjusted appropriately by scrolling a number of columns defined by the
hscroll editor switch.
<meta><left> moves the cursor to the leftmost position on the screen.
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<linsert> (^D) inserts blank lines.
<linsert> inserts one blank line underneath the cursor.
<arg><linsert> inserts or deletes blanks at the beginning of a line to
make the first non-blank character appear under the cursor.
<arg>linearg<linsert> inserts the indicated range of blank lines.
<arg>boxarg<linsert> inserts an empty box in the indicated range.
<arg>streamarg<linsert> inserts an empty region (treated as a box one
line high).
<mark> (^P) goes to a specified spot in a file.
<mark> goes to beginning of file.
<arg><mark> restores the screen to its previous location. Z remembers
only one previous location. <arg><mark> is used to flip between
two viewpoints in the file.
<arg>numarg<mark> moves the cursor to the beginning of the specified
line.
<arg><arg>text<mark> defines a bookmark at the current cursor
location. That bookmark can now be addressed with the specified
textual name.
<arg>text<mark> moves the cursor to the indicated bookmark. If it was
not previously defined, Z will use the editor switch markfile to
find a file that contains bookmark definitions. This file contains
lines of the form: bookmark file row column
<meta> (ESC) is a function modifier. It is used to prefix functions to
change their behaviour. See the individual function description for
more information.
<mlines> (^W) adjusts the window on the file a few lines towards the
beginning of the file.
<mlines> adjusts the window backwards in the file. The number of
lines it is moved is determined by the editor switch vscroll.
<arg><mlines> moves the window until the line that the cursor is on is
at the bottom of the screen.
<arg>numarg<mlines> moves the window backwards the specified number of
lines.
<mpage> (^Q) moves the window back by pages.
<mpage> moves the window backwards in the file by one screen's worth
of lines.
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<arg><mpage> moves the window all the way back to the beginning of the
file.
<arg>numarg<mpage> moves the window the specified number of pages
backward in the file.
<mpara> (CTRL-PGUP) moves the cursor backwards by paragraphs.
Paragraphs are blocks of text separated by blank lines.
<mpara> moves the cursor backwards one paragraph and places the cursor
on the first line of the paragraph
<meta><mpara> moves the cursor backwards one paragraph and places the
cursor just beyond the last line of the paragraph.
<msearch> (^E) searches backwards in a file for a string or a regular
expression. If the editor switch case is set then case is significant
in the search otherwise case is ignored.
<msearch> searches backwards for the previously defined string or
pattern. If the string/pattern is found, then the window is moved
to display it and the matched string/pattern is highlighted. If it
was not found, no cursor movement takes place.
<arg>streamarg<msearch> searches backwards for the selected text. In
this case, the text is treated as a simple string.
<arg>text<msearch> searches backwards for the text. In this case, the
text is treated as a simple string.
<arg><arg>streamarg<msearch>
<arg><arg>text<msearch> searches backwards for a regular expression.
The patterns that Z understands are called "regular expressions".
These are true regular expressions (plus some optimizations) rather
than the much-weakened form that is used on the *NIX xGREPs.
The simplest form of regular expression is just a string, like
"hello". This pattern will match occurrences of the word "hello", or
substrings of words like "othello". It will even match the string
"Hello" if the nocase editor switch is given. Most characters in a
regular expression match themselves, but some characters (one of
"{}()[]!~:?^$+*@#") have a special meaning to the pattern matcher.
These special characters are used to specify more complex patterns:
\ "escape"; ignore the special meaning of the next character and just
match that character. "\?" matches the question-mark and "\\"
matches a single backslash.
? "wildcard"; match any character.
[class] "character class"; this is used to match one of a set of
characters. "[abc]" matches an "a", "b", or "c". The character "-"
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is used here to specify a range of characters; "[a-zA-z0-9]"
matches a letter or a number.
[~class] "not character class"; this is used to match a character
that is NOT in the specified set of characters.
^ "beginning of line"; this matches or "anchors" a pattern to the
beginning of the line.
$ "end of line"; matches the end of a line.
In the following, X denotes some regular expression:
X* "closure"; this matches zero or more occurrences of the pattern X.
It will match as few X's as it can, e.g. if the pattern is "?*ab"
then it will match the first "ab" in "abababab". If the pattern is
"?*ab$", then it will match the entire string "abababab", with the
"?*" portion of the pattern matching "ababab".
X+ "plus"; this is just a shorthand for XX+. It will match one or
more occurrences of the pattern X.
X@ "greedy closure"; this matches zero or more occurrences of the
pattern X, but it starts out by matching as many X's as it can. and
backs off on this choice ONLY if the rest of the pattern doesn't
match. So, the pattern "?@ab" will match the whole string
"abababab", unlike "?*ab" above.
X# "greedy plus"; a shorthand for XX@.
(X1!X2!...!Xn) "alternation"; this will match either X1, or X2, ...
or Xn. It tries them in that order and it will switch from Xi to
Xi+1 only if the rest of the pattern fails to match.
~X "not" or "guard"; this pattern matches nothing, but it checks to
see if the string matches X at this point, and fails if it does.
For example, "^~(foo!bar)?*$" will match all lines that don't begin
with "foo" or "bar".
X^n "power"; this pattern matches exactly n copies of X.
The following commonly used patters are defined for your typing
convenience. To use them, just put :<letter> in your pattern:
:a [a-zA-Z0-9] alphanumeric
:b ([ \t]#) whitespace
:c [a-zA-Z] alphabetic
:d [0-9] digit
:f ([~ "\[\]\:<|>+=;,.]#) file part
:h ([0-9a-zA-Z]#) hex number
:i ([a-zA-Z_$][a-zA-Z0-9_$]@) identifier
:n ([0-9]#.[0-9]@![0-9]@.[0-9]#![0-9]#) number
:p (([a-z]\:!)(\\!)(:f(.:f!)\\)@:f(.:f!)) path
:q ("[~"]@"!'[~']@') quoted string
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:w ([a-zA-Z]#) word
:z ([0-9]#) integer
<mword> (unassigned) moves the cursor backwards by words.
<mword> moves the cursor backwards one word and places the cursor on
the beginning of the word.
<meta><mword> moves the cursor backwards one word and places the
cursor just beyond the end of the word.
<newline> (ENTER or ^M) moves the cursor to a new line.
<newline> moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. If the
editor switch softcr is set, then Z will attempt to place the
cursor on a meaningfully tabbed-in position based on the type of
file. If the file is a C program, then Z will attempt to correctly
tab in based on continuation of lines and on open blocks.
Otherwise, if the next line is blank, Z will place the cursor in
the column corresponding to the first non-blank character in the
previous line. If all else fails, Z places the cursor on the first
non-blank character of the line.
<meta><newline> moves the cursor to the real beginning of the next
line.
<pbal> (^V) balances parenthesis and brackets.
<pbal> scans backwards through the file balancing parenthesis and
brackets. When the first unbalanced one is found, the matching
character is placed into the file at the cursor position. If it is
found in the visible window, Z will alter its color for a short
interval. If it is found and it is not visible, Z will display the
matching line on the dialog line.
<arg><pbal> scans forward for unbalanced characters.
<pick> (^K) grabs text from the file and places it into the pick buffer.
This allows simple copy-and-paste operations.
<pick> places the current line into the pick buffer.
<arg><pick> places the text from the current cursor position up to the
end-of- line into the pick buffer. Note that the line break is not
picked up.
<arg>linearg<pick> places the specified range of lines into the pick
buffer.
<arg>boxarg<pick> places the text of specified box into the pick
buffer.
<arg>text<pick> places the text into the pick buffer.
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<arg>numarg<pick> places the specified range of lines into the pick
buffer.
<arg>markarg<pick> places the range of text between the cursor and the
location of the bookmark into the pick buffer.
<plines> (^T) adjusts the window on the file a few lines towards the end
of the file.
<plines> adjusts the window forward in the file. The number of lines
it is moved is determined by the editor switch vscroll.
<arg><plines> moves the window until the line that the cursor is on is
at the top of the screen.
<arg>numarg<plines> moves the window forward the specified number of
lines.
<ppage> (^L) moves the window forward by pages.
<ppage> moves the window forwards in the file by one screen's worth of
lines.
<arg><ppage> moves the window all the way to the end of the file.
<arg>numarg<ppage> moves the window the specified number of pages
forward in the file.
<ppara> (CTRL-PGDN) moves the cursor forwards by paragraphs. Paragraphs
are blocks of text separated by blank lines.
<ppara> moves the cursor forwards one paragraph and places the cursor
on the first line of the paragraph
<meta><ppara> moves the cursor forwards one paragraph and places the
cursor just beyond the last line of the paragraph.
<psearch> (^R) searches forwards in a file for a string or a regular
expression. See <msearch> for the definition of the regular expression
patterns.
<psearch> searches forwards for the previously defined string or
pattern. If the string/pattern is found, then the window is moved
to display it and the matched string/pattern is highlighted. If it
was not found, no cursor movement takes place.
<arg>streamarg<psearch> searches forwards for the selected text. In
this case, the text is treated as a simple string.
<arg>text<psearch> searches forwards for the text. In this case, the
text is treated as a simple string.
<arg><arg>streamarg<psearch>
<arg><arg>text<psearch> searched forwards for a regular expression.
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<push> (^Z) runs the command shell. Depending on the OS, you either get
COMMAND.COM or SH.
<push> saves the current file and runs the shell.
<meta><push> does not save the current file and runs the shell. See
<setfile> for a description of the save operation.
<arg><push> uses the text on the screen from the cursor up to end-of-
line as a command to the shell.
<arg>text<push> uses the text as a command to the shell.
<put> (^G) inserts the text of the pick buffer into the file beginning
at the current cursor position. The insertion depends on the type of
text stored in the pick buffer:
<arg>text<put>
<arg>streamarg<put> places the specified text into the pick buffer and
inserts the specified text at the current cursor position.
<arg><arg>text<put> interprets text as a filename and will insert the
contents of the specified file into the current file at the current
cursor position.
lines are inserted directly before the cursor and do not break the
line. boxes are inserted in the current line and all succeeding lines.
streams break the current line and are inserted at the cursor.
<pword> (unassigned) moves the cursor forwards by words.
<pword> moves the cursor forwards one word and places the cursor on
the beginning of the word.
<meta><pword> moves the cursor forwards one word and places the cursor
just beyond the end of the word.
<qreplace> (CTRL-ENTER or ^J) performs global search and replace but
prompts for confirmation of each replacement. See <replace>.
<quote> (unassigned) reads one keystroke from the keyboard and treats it
literally. This is useful for inserting text into a file that happens
to be assigned to an editor function.
<refresh> (F10) reloads or discards the current file.
<refresh> prompts and rereads the file from disk, discarding all
edits.
<arg><refresh> prompts and discards the file from the editor memory.
<replace> (^O) performs global search and replace. The editor switch
case indicates whether case is significant for comparison.
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<replace>
<arg><replace>
perform simple search and replace, prompting you for the search
string and for the replacement string. The search begins at the
cursor position and continues through the end of file.
<arg>linearg<replace> performs the search and replace on the specified
line range.
<arg>numarg<replace> performs the search and replace on the specified
line range.
<arg>boxarg<replace> performs the search and replace within the
specified box.
<arg>markarg<replace> performs the search and replace between the
cursor and the specified bookmark.
<arg><arg><replace>
<arg><arg>linearg<replace>
<arg><arg>numarg<replace>
<arg><arg>boxarg<replace>
<arg><arg>markarg<replace>
all perform the same as above except that the search pattern is a
regular expression and the replacement pattern can select special
tagged sections of the search for selective replacement. If the
regular expression contains {...} these are not matched directly
(except when preceded with a \). They indicate the beginning and
end of tagged sections. You can select from these in the
replacement string by $n where n is a digit from 0 to 9. $0
represents the entire matched string. For example, if the pattern
is
"^{[a-zA-Z]@} #{[0-9]@}$"
and the string is "Fahrenheit 451", the first pair of curly braces
will mark off "Fahrenheit", and the second pair will delimit "451".
You can refer to the first field as $1, the second as $2, and the
whole matched string as $0.
<restcur> is a predefined macro that restores the current cursor
position saved with <savecur>.
<right> (RIGHT arrow) moves the cursor one position to the right. If
this results in the cursor being off the screen, then the window is
adjusted appropriately by scrolling the number of columns specified by
the hscroll editor switch.
<meta><right> moves the cursor to the rightmost position on the
screen.
<savecurs> is a predefined macro that saves the current cursor position
to be restored with <restcur>.
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<sdelete> (^S) deletes a stream of text. This includes line breaks and
parallels what simpler editors (vi, emacs) do.
<sdelete> delete one character under the cursor. This does not delete
line breaks. It does not place that character into the pick
buffer.
<arg><sdelete> delete from the cursor through the end-of-line, joining
the following line with the current line the cursor position. The
text deleted (including the line break) is placed into the pick
buffer.
<arg>streamarg<sdelete> delete the indicated stream of text.
<arg>linearg<sdelete>
<arg>boxarg<sdelete>
<arg>markarg<sdelete> delete the text beginning at the bookmark and
ending at the cursor including all line breaks. All removed text
is entered into the pick buffer.
<setfile> (^B) switches the file currently being edited, optionally
saving any changes to the current file. If the name of the file you
indicate contains any meta-characters (? or *) Z will display a menu
of all matching files. If the file to be save is read-only, Z will
prompt you for another name under which to save the file. Z will also
allow you to specify a environment variable as part of the name to be
searched. For example, if you have a batch file FOO.BAT somewhere in
your execution path, you can use <setfile> to visit it by entering
<arg>$PATH:FOO.BAT<setfile>.
<setfile> switches to the most-recently edited file saving any
changes. Toggling between two file is accomplished by repeated
<setfile>'s.
<arg><setfile> switches to the file name that begins at the cursor and
ends on the first blank, saving any changes made to the current
file. If the text indicated is in actuality a directory, Z will
change its working directory to that specified.
<arg>text<setfile> switches to the specified text. If the text
indicated is in actuality a directory, Z will change its working
directory to that specified.
<meta><setfile>
<arg><meta><setfile>
<arg>text<meta><setfile> as above but disables the saving of changes
to the current file.
<arg><arg>text<setfile> saves the current file under the specified
name.
<arg><arg><setfile> saves the current file.
<setwindow> (^]) redisplays the screen and adjusts the window.
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<setwindow> redisplays the entire screen.
<meta><setwindow> redisplays the line that the cursor is on.
<arg><setwindow> adjusts the window so that the cursor position is in
the upper left.
<sinsert> (^A) inserts streams of blank space.
<sinsert> inserts a single blank space.
<arg><sinsert> inserts a line break at the current cursor position,
splitting the line at the cursor.
<arg>linearg<sinsert>
<arg>boxarg<sinsert>
<arg>markarg<sinsert> break the line at the bookmark and insert the
appropriate number of blank lines and spaces.
<tab> (TAB or ^I) is a cursor movement function. It will move the
cursor rightward to the next tabstop. Tabstops are defined to be
every nth character where n is settable by the tabstops editor switch.
Being a cursor movement function, <tab> takes no arguments nor mode-
command modifiers.
<up> (UP arrow) is a cursor movement function that moves the cursor to
the line above the current one. If this results in the cursor moving
off the top of the screen, the window is adjusted appropriately.
Being a cursor movement function, <up> takes no arguments.
<meta><up> moves the cursor to the same column position but to the top
of the displayed window.
<window> (^Y) creates, destroys and moves between editing windows. Z
allows the screen to be broken up into up to 8 non-overlapping editing
windows that each can contain different files.
<window> moves to the next window to the right of or below the current
window.
<arg><window> splits the current window horizontally at the cursor.
<arg><arg><window> splits the current window vertically at the cursor.
<meta><window> merges the current window with one to the right or
below.
Editing Switches and Flags
Editing switches that take numerical values and their default values.
bgcolor (0) gives the background color for the editing screen. This
is available only on the IBM PC version.
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debug (0) controls display of macros while they are being executed.
See the documentation on keystroke macros below.
entab (1) controls the degree of tabification that Z performs when
outputting a file. entab:0 directs Z to output the file with no
tabs. entab:1 directs Z to attempt to entab all multiple spaces
outside of quoted strings. These strings are delimited either with
quotes (") or apostrophes ('). entab:2 directs Z to maximally
entab the line.
errcolor (4) is the color used when displaying error messages on the
screen. This is available only on the IBM PC version.
fgcolor (7) is the color used for foreground display of the editing
windows. This is available only on the IBM PC version.
height (23) is the number of lines that Z uses in the editing window.
This is useful when using a nonstandard display device: EGA in 43-
line mode on the IBM PC and Ambassador terminals are simple
examples.
hike (4) is the location on the screen of the cursor when the cursor
is moved by editing functions. Some of the cursor movement
commands above move the cursor as opposed to scroll the cursor.
Scrolling is controlled by the hscroll and vscroll parameters
below. For direct movement, hike is the position in the editing
window where Z will place the cursor on the direct movement.
hscroll (10) is the number of columns scrolled when the cursor is
scrolled off of the editing window.
infcolor (6) is the color used for information messages. This is
available only on the IBM PC version.
rmargin (72) is the right margin column used in wordwrap mode. Any
space hit to the right of this margin causes a line break as does
any character hit beyond the rmargin+4 position. Wordwrap mode is
set by the wordwrap switch below.
stacolor (3) is the color used for the status line. This is available
only on the IBM PC version.
tabstops (4) is the number of spaces between each logical tab stop on
the editing screen. Note that these tabstops are attached to the
file and not to the window.
tmpsav (20) is the number of files that Z remembers between editing
sessions. When you exit Z, the specified number of files are saved
in a temp file along with the position of the window and cursor
within each. Also saved is the layout of the windows you had
created.
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vscroll (7) is the number of lines scrolled when the cursor is
scrolled off the editing window. It is also the number of lines
scrolled by the <plines> and <mlines> editing functions.
Editing switches that are boolean in nature. To set switch put switch:
in TOOLS.INI, to reset switch put noswitch: in tools.ini, e.g. askexit:
or noaskexit.
askexit (off) causes Z to prompt for confirmation when you exit.
askrtn (on) causes Z to prompt for confirmation when you return to
after <push>
autosave (on) causes Z to save the current file whenever you switch
away from it. Some users prefer to issue a command to save the file
rather than have Z "know" when to do it for them.
case (off) causes Z to consider case to be significant for search and
replace operations.
enterinsmode (off) causes Z to start up in insert mode as opposed to
overstrike mode.
softcr (on) lets Z guess at proper indentation when the <newline> or
<emacsnewl> editing functions are hit.
trailspace (off) causes Z to remember trailing spaces in text.
Normally, Z discards trailing spaces.
wordwrap (off) causes Z to break lines of text on word boundaries when
you edit them beyond the margin specified by rmargin.
Editing switches that are textual in nature:
backup (undel)is the method used for creating backup versions of
edited files. The text that follows is one of the following:
none perform no backup operation.
undel delete the file so that the UNDEL command can retrieve it.
bak place the previous version in a version with the extension
.bak.
extmake (none)is used to associate a compiler and command line with a
particular extension for use by the <compile> command. The text
that follows the switch is of the form:
extension command arguments
where extension is the extension of the file to match, command is a
command to execute and arguments are the parameters to be passed to
the command. There may be a %s in the arguments section that is
replaced with the name of the current file or with the selected
text (see <compile>). The special extension "text" is used to set
the compiler command for when the user enters <arg>text<compile>.
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markfile (none)is the name of the file Z searches when looking for a
bookmark that is not in the in-memory set.
readonly (none)is the command that will be invoked when z attempts to
overwrite a readonly file. The current file name will be appended
to the command, e.g.
readonly: chmode -r
Keystroke Macros
The above set of editing functions are a fairly comprehensive set of
functions that you can use in your day-to-day editing. Often, however,
you can come up with a set of operations that are commonly executed
together. Instead of entering each function separately, a tedious
operation of the keyboard is not comfortably laid out, you can define
new editing functions that are defined in terms of the previously
defined set of functions.
This is done in two steps. First, a definition of the editing function
in terms of the components needs to be done. You would use the <assign>
function or your TOOLS.INI file to create this definition. Remember
that editing the TOOLS.INI does not define the function, you must either
exit Z or use the <initialize> function to process it. Remember too,
that if you use the <assign> function to define an editing function, you
will lose this definition if you exit Z. This operation defines the new
editing function.
The next step is to assign a keyboard sequence to this function, causing
the function to be executed each time the specific keys are pressed.
Again, this can be accomplished either by editing the TOOLS.INI or by
using the <assign> editing function.
Let's try two examples. First, define and assign a function that will
delete from the cursor through the end of the current or next word.
Normally, this is accomplished by entering the following editing
functions:
<arg> ; define the beginning of a sdelete argument
<meta>
<pword> ; move to end of current/next word
<sdelete> ; delete from arg through the current cursor
position
; including all line breaks.
Let's call this new function worddelete. To define it in the TOOLS.INI
file all we need to do is locate the [Z] tagged section and add the
following line:
worddelete:=arg meta pword sdelete
Easy, eh? To assign this to a keystroke sequence, say ALT-D on the IBM
PC keyboard, we'd also enter the line:
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worddelete:ALT-D
Once we'd reinitialize the editor (either via the <initialize> command
or by exiting Z and then starting it up again), each time we'd hit ALT-
D, a word would disappear.
To insert actual text into the file inside a macro all you need to do is
enclose that text in quotes. The second example below shows how. Let's
define a function that inserts a C-language "if" statement before the
line with the cursor. You'd do this normally by typing:
<arg>
2
<linsert> ; insert two blank lines
<up>
<newline> ; let Z guess at the indentation
"if () {" ; place in the first part of the if <newline>
"}" ; close the consequent
<up>
<begline> ; put the cursor back onto the if
The TOOLS.INI entries for this are:
insert-if:=arg "2" linsert up newline "if () {" newline "}" up
begline
insert-if:ALT-I
All editing functions have return codes. These values may be tested and
acted upon by the following macro statements:
:>label defines a label that can be referenced in any of the below
macro commands.
=>label is a direct transfer to the specified label. If label is
omitted then the current macro is exited.
->label directs transfer to the specified label iff the previous
editor function returned FALSE. If label is omitted then the current
macro is exited.
+>label directs transfer to the specified label iff the previous
editor function returned TRUE. If label is omitted then the current
macro is exited.
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Below is a list of all the editor functions and their return conditions.
Function Condition for TRUE Condition for FALSE
arg Always Never
assign Assignment was successful Invalid arg or assignment
backtab Cursor moved Cursor was at left margin
begline Cursor moved Cursor did not move
cancel Always Never
cdelete Cursor moved Cursor did not move
compile Exec of compiler succeeded Bad arg, compiler not found
down Cursor moved Cursor did not move
emacscdel Cursor moved Cursor did not move
emacsnewl Always Never
endline Cursor moved Cursor did not move
exit No return No return
home Cursor moved Cursor did not move
information Always Never
initialize Successful initialization Bad arg
insertmode If insert mode was on If insert mode was off
ldelete Successful line delete Bad arg
left Cursor moved Cursor did not move
linsert Successful line insert Bad arg
mark Succ. definition or move Bad arg or mark not found
meta If meta was on If meta was off
mlines Successful movement Bad arg
mpage Successful movement Bad arg
mpara Successful movement Bad arg
msearch Found string Bad arg or not found
mword Cursor moved Cursor did not move
newline Always Never
pbal Balance was successful Bad arg or not balanced
pick Successful pick Bad arg
plines Successful movement Bad arg
ppage Successful movement Bad arg
ppara Successful movement Bad arg
psearch Found string Bad arg or not found
push Successful push Bad arg or prog not found
put Always Never
pword Cursor moved Cursor did not move
qreplace >= 1 replacement Not found, invalid pattern
quote Always Never
refresh File was read in/deleted Canceled, bad arg
replace >=1 replacement Not found, invalid pattern
right Cursor over text of line Cursor beyond end of line
sdelete Successful delete Bad arg
setfile Not canceled, changed Bad arg, canceled
setwindow Successful window change Bad arg
sinsert Successful insert Bad arg
tab Cursor moved Cursor did not move
up Cursor moved Cursor did not move
window Successful split/join/move Any error
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Index
commands
<arg> (^X)................................................... 4
<assign> (^^)................................................ 4
<backtab> (SHIFT-TAB)........................................ 4
<begline> (END).............................................. 4
<cancel> (^C)................................................ 4
<cdelete> (BACKSPACE or ^H).................................. 4
<compile> (^U)............................................... 5
<curdate> (ALT-D)........................................... 5
<curday>..................................................... 5
<curfileext>................................................. 5
<curfilenam>................................................. 5
<curtime> (ALT-T)........................................... 5
<curuser>.................................................... 5
<down> (DOWN arrow).......................................... 5
<emacscdel> (CTRL-BACKSPACE)................................. 6
<emacsnewl> (unassigned)..................................... 6
<endline> (PGDN)............................................. 6
<exit> (F9).................................................. 6
<home> (HOME)................................................ 6
<information> (F1)........................................... 6
<initialize> (F2)............................................ 6
<insertmode> (^N)............................................ 6
<ldelete> (^F)............................................... 7
<left> (LEFT arrow).......................................... 7
<linsert> (^D)............................................... 7
<mark> (^P).................................................. 7
<meta> (ESC)................................................. 8
<mlines> (^W)................................................ 8
<mpage> (^Q)................................................. 8
<mpara> (CTRL-PGUP).......................................... 8
<msearch> (^E)............................................... 8
<mword> (unassigned)........................................ 10
<newline> (ENTER or ^M)..................................... 10
<pbal> (^V)................................................. 10
<pick> (^K)................................................. 10
<plines> (^T)............................................... 11
<ppage> (^L)................................................ 11
<ppara> (CTRL-PGDN)......................................... 11
<psearch> (^R).............................................. 11
<push> (^Z)................................................. 12
<put> (^G).................................................. 12
<pword> (unassigned)........................................ 12
<qreplace> (CTRL-ENTER or ^J)............................... 12
<quote> (unassigned)........................................ 12
<refresh> (F10)............................................. 12
<replace> (^O).............................................. 13
<restcur>................................................... 13
<right> (RIGHT arrow)....................................... 13
<savecurs>.................................................. 13
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<sdelete> (^S).............................................. 14
<setfile> (^B).............................................. 14
<setwindow> (^])............................................ 14
<sinsert> (^A).............................................. 15
<tab> (TAB or ^I)........................................... 15
<up> (UP arrow)............................................. 15
<window> (^Y)............................................... 15
switches
boolean..................................................... 16
askexit (off)............................................. 16
askrtn (on)............................................... 16
autosave (on)............................................. 16
case (off)................................................ 17
enterinsmode (off)........................................ 17
softcr (on)............................................... 17
trailspace (off).......................................... 17
wordwrap (off)............................................ 17
numerical................................................... 15
bgcolor (0)............................................... 15
debug (0)................................................. 15
entab (1)................................................. 15
errcolor (4).............................................. 16
fgcolor (7)............................................... 16
height (23)............................................... 16
hike (4).................................................. 16
hscroll (10).............................................. 16
infcolor (6).............................................. 16
rmargin (72).............................................. 16
stacolor (3).............................................. 16
tabstops (4).............................................. 16
tmpsav (20)............................................... 16
vscroll (7)............................................... 16
textual..................................................... 17
backup (undel)............................................ 17
extmake (none)............................................ 17
markfile (none)........................................... 17
readonly (none)........................................... 17
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Revision History
3 November 1986 version 7.43 Create unique file name for temp file.
Code and data shrinkage by removing redundant routines.
23 September 1986 version 7.42 Fix fScan from scanning one beyond EOF.
Make pBal use setAllScan. Add ability to enter arbitrary characters
into <psearch>, <msearch>, <replace>, and <qreplace> pattern and
replacement strings. Preserve tabbing and spaces in non-edited lines.
Fix shortname processing from the command line. Fix problem with
AdjustLines and deleting at top of file.
19 August 1986 version 7.41 Fix undetected out-of-stack problem
introduced in 7.35.
19 August 1986 version 7.40 Fix bug in not highlighting search
arguments when using default search from startup.
18 August 1986 version 7.39 Fix bug introduced in 7.26 in
<arg><arg><put>. Optimize file loading code.
8 August 1986 version 7.38 Fix bug introduced in 7.36 for reading
TOOLS.INI. Fix bug introduced in 7.37 for Z.$ temp file creation.
4 August 1986 version 7.37 Fix problem in using TMP environment
variable to locate <compile> temporary message file.
1 August 1986 version 7.36 Allow path searching for temp files (Z.MSG,
Z.$). Allow path searching of <setfile> files. Speed up
initialization.
7 July 1986 version 7.35 Shrink several VM routines. Better out-of-
space messages from VM. Bug fix in textarg copying text from screen.
Bug fix in macro redefinition while macros in progress.
6 Jun 1986 version 7.34 Add macros savecur, restcur, curFileNam,
curFileExt and editing switches readonly, askrtn, default ALT-T and ALT-
D for curtime, curdate.
13 May 1986 version 7.33 Recompiled using C 4.02.
24 April 1986 version 7.32 Change <arg><arg><setfile> to remove dirty
bit after successful save.
10 April 1986 version 7.31 Fix bug that incorrectly updated the screen
on line insert/delete at top of single window screen. Add default
assignments to <pword>, <mword>, and <curdate>.
9 April 1986 version 7.30 When deleting/inserting lines, adjust other
window instances to prevent rippling of displays in windows that are not
affected by the deletion or insertion.
8 April 1986 version 7.29 Fix problem in Z invocation with no arguments
changing directory to the root.
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8 April 1986 version 7.28 Renumbered for first public release.
7 April 1986 version 7.27 Add /D switch to prevent user TOOLS.INI
processing. Add environment variable searching capability to all
filename processing.
3 April 1986 version 7.26 Add file put capability to <put>. Add
default time, date, and user macros.
2 April 1986 version 7.25 Add autosave switch. Remove savemeta switch.
Fix bug that caused all new files to be NL-terminated.
24 March 1986 version 7.24 Create dir search temp file on device
specified by TMP directory. Fixes problem of leaving temp file around
in root.
22 March 1986 version 7.23 Preserve LF-ness of files.
14 March 1986 version 7.22 Make successful <compile> read first
message.
12 March 1986 version 7.21 Replace bakfile switch with backup.
11 March 1986 version 7.20 Clear dialog line after clearing screen
after <push>.
11 March 1986 version 7.19 Reset video mode after prompt in <push>.
24 Feb 1986 version 7.18 Change internal page hashing for less
clustering of swap pages. Add register optimization in redraw.
23 Feb 1986 version 7.17 Hook ^Break to quickly detect <cancel> during
searches and other time-consumptive operations. Use INT 16h to read
from the keyboard. Remove erroneous message if no user TOOLS.INI is
present. Saving file under another name changes the internal name too.
18 Feb 1986 version 7.16 Restore/save video mode during <push>. Allow
assignment to <unassigned>.
14 Feb 1986 version 7.15 Remove necessity for system-wide TOOLS.INI.
Fix problem with DOS MAKE returning pseudo-files in errors.
12 Feb 1986 version 7.14 With bakfile set and saving to a new file, Z
was incorrectly reporting that it could not rename the new file to
newfile.bak.
30 Jan 1986 version 7.13 Cooking ^@ resulted in a NUL string.
28 Jan 1986 version 7.12 Problems on XENIX with filenames with no name
(like .profile).
24 Jan 1986 version 7.11 Fix incorrect scrolling at top of screen and
at left of screen. Off-by-1 error. Add message and prompt after
successful <push>.
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15 Jan 1986 version 7.10 Fix incorrect buffer usage in <compile> code
that prevented use of <arg><arg>streamarg<compile>.
13 Jan 1986 version 7.9 If on EGA and height:41 then set EGA into 43-
line mode.
10 Jan 1986 version 7.8 Fix bug when final putlflush encounters full
disk it did not report the error.
10 Jan 1986 version 7.7 Fix bug in <macro> that prevented graphic
characters at the end of a macro.
7 Jan 1986 version 7.6 Adjust return code semantics of <right> to
allow for generation of a <fill> keystroke macro. Added conditional
description to document.
6 Jan 1986 version 7.5 PC version no longer requires VT52.SYS. Extmake
to control <compile> commands.
Please send all comments in machine readable form to tools.
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