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VT100 Terminal
This is where we'll be testing another 8080-based machine: the VT100 Terminal. Unlike other VT100 emulations, this will simulate a VT100 by running the terminal's original firmware inside the PC8080 CPU emulator.
{% include machine.html id="vt100" %}
VT100 Memory Usage
As described in the Technical Manual (July 1982), p. 4-15, 8Kb (0x2000) of ROM is located at 0x0000, and 3Kb (0x0C00) of RAM immediately follows it at 0x2000. The ROM at 0x0000 contains all the VT100's 8080 code. The VT100 also contains a 2Kb character generator ROM, but that ROM is not addressable by the CPU; it is used directly by the Video Processor.
vt100romhax (aka phooky) further explains VT100 memory usage:
Start End Size Description
0x0000 0x1fff 8K Basic ROM
0x2000 0x2012 18B Blank lines for refresh (6 x 3B)
0x2012 0x204f 61B Stack area (grows down from 0x204e)
0x204f 0x22d0 641B Scratch Pad/Setup Area(?)
0x22d0 0x2c00 2352B Screen RAM
VT100 I/O Ports
From p. 4-17 of the Technical Manual:
READ OR WRITE
00H PUSART data bus
01H PUSART command port
WRITE ONLY (Decoded with I/O WR L)
02H Baud rate generator
42H Brightness D/A latch
62H NVR latch
82H Keyboard UART data input
A2H Video processor DC012
C2H Video processor DC011
E2H Graphics port
READ ONLY (Decoded with I/O RD L)
22H Modem buffer
42H Flags buffer
82H Keyboard UART data output
The PC8080 ChipSet component deals with the ER1400's Non-volatile RAM (NVR) ports, while the Keyboard component deals with the Keyboard UART ports.
VT100 Video Processor
Normally, the PC8080 Video component allocates its own video buffer, based on the specified buffer address (bufferAddr) and other dimensions (eg, bufferCols and bufferRows), but the VT100 is a little unusual: it has a custom Video Processor that uses DMA to request character data from any region of RAM, one line at a time. It always defaults to address 0x2000 for the first line of character data, but each line terminates with 3 bytes containing the attributes and address of the next line, so the location of subsequent lines will vary, depending on the type of line:
- Single-wide characters (80 or 132 columns)
- Double-wide characters (40 or 66 columns)
In addition to single-wide vs. double-wide, line attributes can also specify double-high, along with whether the top or bottom halves of the double-high characters should be displayed, because double-high always implies double-wide (ie, there is no support for double-high, single-wide characters).
Conssequently, a VT100 machine XML file must set the Video component's bufferRAM property to "true", indicating that existing RAM should be used, and a new property, bufferFormat must be set to "vt100", enabling support for the VT100's line data format; eg:
<ram id="ram" addr="0x2000" size="0x0C00"/>
<video id="video" screenWidth="1600" screenHeight="960" bufferAddr="0x2000" bufferRAM="true" bufferFormat="vt100" bufferCols="80" bufferRows="24" ...>
VT100 Screen and Character Dimensions
Ordinarily, the VT100 screen displays 800 dots per horizontal scan, and a total of 240 horizontal scans, and by default, it uses a 10x10 character cell, for a total of 80 columns and 24 rows of characters. However, in 132-column mode, it uses a 9x10 character cell instead, implying a total of 1188 dots displayed per horizontal scan. This means we will have to dynamically reallocate our internal buffers whenever the horizontal dimensions change. Also, if no AVO expansion card is present, there is only enough RAM available for 14 rows of characters in 132-column mode.
For optimum scaling, I define the virtual screen size using multiples of the VT100's default "dot" dimensions; eg, 1600x960 (a horizontal multiplier of 2 and a vertical multiplier of 4). That gives us a virtual screen aspect ratio of 1.67.
According to the Technical Manual, a physical VT100 screen measures 12 inches diagonally, and in 80-column mode, characters measure 2.0mm x 3.35mm (in 132-column mode, they measure 1.3mm x 3.35mm), which suggests that the text area of the screen is roughly 160mm x 80mm, implying a screen aspect ratio of 2.0. However, after visually comparing the Technical Manual's SET-UP screenshots to our test screens, 1.67 appears to be closer to reality than 2.0. I'll revisit this issue at a later date.