Change HTML4 entities to HTML5

&lt to <
&gt to >
&amp to &

03-02.html

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ IRR               equ20h
 MPOPF macro
       local p1, p2
       jmp short p2
-p1:   iret             ; jump to pushed address &amp pop flags
+p1:   iret             ; jump to pushed address & pop flags
 p2:   push cs          ; construct far return address to
       call p1          ; the next instruction
       endm

03-06.html

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pztime LST3-3.ASM
 <P>In order to perform any of the timing tests in this book, enter Listing 3.1 and name it PZTIMER.ASM, enter Listing 3.2 and name it PZTEST.ASM, and enter Listing 3.4 and name it PZTIME.BAT. Then simply enter the listing you wish to run into the file <I>filename</I> and enter the command:</P>
 <!-- CODE SNIP //-->
 <PRE>
-pztime &ltfilename&gt
+pztime &lt;filename&gt;
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
 <P>In fact, that&rsquo;s exactly how I timed each of the listings in this book. Code fragments you write yourself can be timed in just the same way. If you wish to time code directly in place in your programs, rather than in the test-bed program of Listing 3.2, simply insert calls to <B>ZTimerOn, ZTimerOff</B>, and <B>ZTimerReport</B> in the appropriate places and link PZTIMER to your program.</P>

03-07.html

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ TIMER_COUNT           equ46ch
 MPOPF macro
       local p1, p2
       jmp short p2
-p1:   iret        ;jump to pushed address &amp pop flags
+p1:   iret        ;jump to pushed address & pop flags
 p2:   pushcs      ;construct far return address to
       call p1     ; the next instruction
 endm

03-10.html

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 <!-- CODE SNIP //-->
 <PRE>
 ZTimerOn():
-for (i=0, x=0; i&lt100; i++)
+for (i=0, x=0; i&lt;100; i++)
      x += i;
 ZTimerOff();
 ZTimerReport();

04-09.html

@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@
 ;
      mov  ax,0a000h
      mov  ds,ax
-     mov  es,ax       ;move to &amp from same segment
+     mov  es,ax       ;move to & from same segment
-     sub  si,si       ;move to &amp from same offset
+     sub  si,si       ;move to & from same offset
      mov  di,si
      mov  cx,800h     ;move 2K words
      cld
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@
 ; memory.
 ;
      mov  ax,ds
-     mov  es,ax       ;move to &amp from same segment
+     mov  es,ax       ;move to & from same segment
-     sub  si,si       ;move to &amp from same offset
+     sub  si,si       ;move to & from same offset
      mov  di,si
      mov  cx,800h     ;move 2K words
      cld

05-03.html

@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
  * argument. Performs the search by reading and searching blocks
  * of size BLOCK_SIZE. */
 
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
-#include &ltfcntl.h&gt
+#include <fcntl.h>
-#include &ltstring.h&gt
+#include <string.h>
-#include &ltalloc.h&gt   /* alloc.h for Borland compilers,
+#include <alloc.h>   /* alloc.h for Borland compilers,
                         malloc.h for Microsoft compilers */
 
 #define BLOCK_SIZE  0x4000   /* we’ll process the file in 16K blocks */
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
          when that block is searched)
       */
       if ( (BlockSearchLength =
-               WorkingLength - SearchStringLength + 1) &lt= 0 ) {
+               WorkingLength - SearchStringLength + 1) <= 0 ) {
             Done = 1;  /* Too few characters in this block for
                           there to be any possible matches, so this
                           is the final block and we’re done without
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
             /* Copy any bytes from the end of the block that start
                potentially-matching sequences that would run off
                the end of the block over to the next block */
-            if ( SearchStringLength &gt 1 ) {
+            if ( SearchStringLength > 1 ) {
                memcpy(WorkingBlock,
                   WorkingBlock+BLOCK_SIZE - SearchStringLength + 1,
                   SearchStringLength - 1);

07-03.html

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Startendp
 ; specified byte or a zero byte is encountered.
 ; Input:
 ;    AH = character to search for
-;    CX = maximum length to be searched (must be &gt 0)
+;    CX = maximum length to be searched (must be > 0)
 ;    DS:SI = pointer to buffer to be searched
 ; Output:
 ;    CX = 0 if and only if we ran out of bytes without finding

07-04.html

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Startendp
 ; specified byte or a zero byte is encountered.
 ; Input:
 ;    AH = character to search for
-;    CX = maximum length to be searched (must be &gt 0)
+;    CX = maximum length to be searched (must be > 0)
 ;    DS:SI = pointer to buffer to be searched
 ; Output:
 ;    CX = 0 if and only if we ran out of bytes without finding

08-03.html

@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@
    the variable-sized blocks may contain any number of data entries,
    stored as an array of structures within the block. */
 
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
 #ifdef __TURBOC__
-#include &ltalloc.h&gt
+#include <alloc.h>
 #else
-#include &ltmalloc.h&gt
+#include <malloc.h>
 #endif
 
 void main(void);
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ void main(void) {
    struct BlockHeader **LastBlockPointer;
 
    printf(”ID # for which to find average: “);
-   scanf(”%d”,&ampIDToFind);
+   scanf(”%d”,&IDToFind);
    /* Build an array across 5 blocks, for testing */
    /* Anchor the linked list to BaseArrayBlockPointer */
-   LastBlockPointer = &ampBaseArrayBlockPointer;
+   LastBlockPointer = &BaseArrayBlockPointer;
    /* Create 5 blocks of varying sizes */
-   for (i = 1; i &lt 6; i++) {
+   for (i = 1; i < 6; i++) {
       /* Try to get memory for the next block */
       if ((WorkingBlockPointer =
           (struct BlockHeader *) malloc(sizeof(struct BlockHeader) +
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void main(void) {
          exit(1);
       }
       /* Set the # of data elements in this block */
-      WorkingBlockPointer-&gtBlockCount = i * 10;
+      WorkingBlockPointer->BlockCount = i * 10;
       /* Link the new block into the chain */
       *LastBlockPointer = WorkingBlockPointer;
       /* Point to the first data field */
@@ -99,16 +99,16 @@ void main(void) {
             (struct DataElement *) ((char *)WorkingBlockPointer +
             sizeof(struct BlockHeader));
       /* Fill the data fields with ID numbers and values */
-      for (j = 0; j &lt (i * 10); j++, WorkingDataPointer++) {
+      for (j = 0; j < (i * 10); j++, WorkingDataPointer++) {
-         WorkingDataPointer-&gtID = j;
+         WorkingDataPointer->ID = j;
-         WorkingDataPointer-&gtValue = i * 1000 + j;
+         WorkingDataPointer->Value = i * 1000 + j;
       }
       /* Remember where to set link from this block to the next */
-      LastBlockPointer = &ampWorkingBlockPointer-&gtNextBlock;
+      LastBlockPointer = &WorkingBlockPointer->NextBlock;
    }
    /* Set the last block’s “next block” pointer to NULL to indicate
       that there are no more blocks */
-   WorkingBlockPointer-&gtNextBlock = NULL;
+   WorkingBlockPointer->NextBlock = NULL;
    printf(”Average of all elements with ID %d: %u\n”,
          IDToFind, FindIDAverage(IDToFind, BaseArrayBlockPointer));
    exit(0);
@@ -140,18 +140,18 @@ unsigned int FindIDAverage(unsigned int SearchedForID,
       /* Search all the DataElement entries within this block
          and accumulate data from all that match the desired ID */
       for (WorkingBlockCount=0;
-            WorkingBlockCount&ltBlockPointer-&gtBlockCount;
+            WorkingBlockCount<BlockPointer->BlockCount;
             WorkingBlockCount++, DataPointer++) {
          /* If the ID matches, add in the value and increment the
             match counter */
-         if (DataPointer-&gtID == SearchedForID) {
+         if (DataPointer->ID == SearchedForID) {
             IDMatchCount++;
-            IDMatchSum += DataPointer-&gtValue;
+            IDMatchSum += DataPointer->Value;
          }
       }
    /* Point to the next block, and continue as long as that pointer
        isn’t NULL */
-   }  while ((BlockPointer = BlockPointer-&gtNextBlock) != NULL);
+   }  while ((BlockPointer = BlockPointer->NextBlock) != NULL);
    /* Calculate the average of all matches */
    if (IDMatchCount == 0)
       return(0);            /* Avoid division by 0 */
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ unsigned int FindIDAverage(unsigned int SearchedForID,
 <PRE>
 ; Code generated by Microsoft C for inner loop of FindIDAverage.
 ;|*** for (WorkingBlockCount=0;
-;|***       WorkingBlockCount&ltBlockPointer-&gtBlockCount;
+;|***       WorkingBlockCount&lt;BlockPointer-&gt;BlockCount;
 ;|***       WorkingBlockCount++, DataPointer++) {
           mov     WORD PTR [bp-6],0         ;WorkingBlockCount
           mov     bx,WORD PTR [bp+6]        ;BlockPointer
@@ -181,13 +181,13 @@ unsigned int FindIDAverage(unsigned int SearchedForID,
           mov     di,WORD PTR [bp-2]        ;IDMatchSum
           mov     dx,WORD PTR [bp-4]        ;IDMatchCount
 $L20004:
-;|*** if (DataPointer-&gtID == SearchedForID) {
+;|*** if (DataPointer-&gt;ID == SearchedForID) {
           mov     ax,WORD PTR [si]
           cmp     WORD PTR [bp+4],ax        ;SearchedForID
           jne     $I265
 ;|***             IDMatchCount++;
           inc     dx
-;|***            IDMatchSum += DataPointer-&gtValue;
+;|***            IDMatchSum += DataPointer-&gt;Value;
           add     di,WORD PTR [si+2]
 ;|***          }
 ;|***       }

08-04.html

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ IntraBlockLoop:
         cmp     [di+ID],ax      ;Do we have an ID match?
         jnz     NoMatch         ;No match
         inc     bx              ;We have a match; IDMatchCount++;
-        add     dx,[di+Value]   ;IDMatchSum += DataPointer-&gtValue;
+        add     dx,[di+Value]   ;IDMatchSum += DataPointer->Value;
 NoMatch:
         add     di,DATA_ELEMENT_SIZE ;point to the next element
         loop    IntraBlockLoop
@@ -205,12 +205,12 @@ LoopEntryTable  label   word
         dw      LoopEntry4,LoopEntry5,LoopEntry6,LoopEntry7
 M_IBL   macro   P1
         local   NoMatch
-LoopEntry&ampP1&amp:
+LoopEntry&P1&:
         scasw                   ;Do we have an ID match?
         jnz     NoMatch         ;No match
                                 ;We have a match
         inc     bx              ;IDMatchCount++;
-        add     dx,[di]         ;IDMatchSum += DataPointer-&gtValue;
+        add     dx,[di]         ;IDMatchSum += DataPointer->Value;
 NoMatch:
         add     di,DATA_ELEMENT_SIZE-2 ;point to the next element
                                 ; (SCASW advanced 2 bytes already)

08-05.html

@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@
    stored in the form of two separate arrays, one for ID numbers and
    one for values. */
 
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
 #ifdef __TURBOC__
-#include &ltalloc.h&gt
+#include <alloc.h>
 #else
-#include &ltmalloc.h&gt
+#include <malloc.h>
 #endif
 
 void main(void);
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ void main(void) {
    struct BlockHeader **LastBlockPointer;
 
    printf(”ID # for which to find average: “);
-   scanf(”%d”,&ampIDToFind);
+   scanf(”%d”,&IDToFind);
 
    /* Build an array across 5 blocks, for testing */
    /* Anchor the linked list to BaseArrayBlockPointer */
-   LastBlockPointer = &ampBaseArrayBlockPointer;
+   LastBlockPointer = &BaseArrayBlockPointer;
    /* Create 5 blocks of varying sizes */
-   for (i = 1; i &lt 6; i++) {
+   for (i = 1; i < 6; i++) {
       /* Try to get memory for the next block */
       if ((WorkingBlockPointer =
           (struct BlockHeader *) malloc(sizeof(struct BlockHeader) +
@@ -96,23 +96,23 @@ void main(void) {
          exit(1);
       }
       /* Set the number of data elements in this block */
-      WorkingBlockPointer-&gtBlockCount = i * 10;
+      WorkingBlockPointer->BlockCount = i * 10;
       /* Link the new block into the chain */
       *LastBlockPointer = WorkingBlockPointer;
       /* Point to the first data field */
       WorkingDataPointer = (int *) ((char *)WorkingBlockPointer +
             sizeof(struct BlockHeader));
       /* Fill the data fields with ID numbers and values */
-      for (j = 0; j &lt (i * 10); j++, WorkingDataPointer++) {
+      for (j = 0; j < (i * 10); j++, WorkingDataPointer++) {
          *WorkingDataPointer = j;
          *(WorkingDataPointer + i * 10) = i * 1000 + j;
       }
       /* Remember where to set link from this block to the next */
-      LastBlockPointer = &ampWorkingBlockPointer-&gtNextBlock;
+      LastBlockPointer = &WorkingBlockPointer->NextBlock;
    }
    /* Set the last block’s “next block” pointer to NULL to indicate
       that there are no more blocks */
-   WorkingBlockPointer-&gtNextBlock = NULL;
+   WorkingBlockPointer->NextBlock = NULL;
    printf(”Average of all elements with ID %d: %u\n”,
          IDToFind, FindIDAverage2(IDToFind, BaseArrayBlockPointer));
    exit(0);
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ IntraBlockLoop:
         repnz   scasw              ;Search for the ID
         jnz     DoNextBlock        ;No match, the block is done
         inc     bp                 ;We have a match; IDMatchCount++;
-        add     dx,[di+bx-2];IDMatchSum += DataPointer-&gtValue;
+        add     dx,[di+bx-2];IDMatchSum += DataPointer->Value;
 ; (SCASW has advanced DI 2 bytes)
         and     cx,cx              ;Is there more data to search through?
         jnz     IntraBlockLoop     ;yes

09-04.html

@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ _FindStringendp
 <P><B>LISTING 9.3 L9-3.C</B></P>
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
-/* Program to exercise buffer-search routines in Listings 9.1 &amp 9.2 */
+/* Program to exercise buffer-search routines in Listings 9.1 &amp; 9.2 */
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-#include &ltstring.h&gt
+#include &lt;string.h&gt;
 
 #define DISPLAY_LENGTH  40
 extern unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char *, unsigned int,

09-05.html

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ _sort:  pop     dx              ;get return address (entry point)
         dec     cx              ;decrement count
         push    cx              ;save count
         push    dx              ;restore return address
-        jg      top             ;if cx &gt 0
+        jg      top             ;if cx > 0
 
         ret
 

09-06.html

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 ; Tested with TASM 2.
 
 parms struc
-          dw     2 dup (?)     ;pushed BP &amp return address
+          dw     2 dup (?)     ;pushed BP & return address
 Dividend  dw     ?             ;pointer to value to divide, stored in Intel
                                ; order, with lsb at lowest address, msb at
                                ; highest. Must be composed of an integral
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ _Divendp
 /* Sample use of Div function to perform division when the result
    doesn’t fit in 16 bits */
 
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
 
 extern unsigned int Div(unsigned int * Dividend,
           int DividendLength, unsigned int Divisor,
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ main() {
    unsigned long m, i = 0x20000001;
    unsigned int k, j = 0x10;
 
-   k = Div((unsigned int *)&ampi, sizeof(i), j, (unsigned int *)&ampm);
+   k = Div((unsigned int *)&i, sizeof(i), j, (unsigned int *)&m);
    printf(“%lu / %u = %lu r %u\n”, i, j, m, k);
 }
 </PRE>

14-01.html

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 <P>The floor really did look amazing. It was actually all white; the black lines had been grooves filled with dirt. We assured her that it looked terrific, it just wasn&rsquo;t that obvious until you knew to look for it; anyone would tell you that it wasn&rsquo;t the kind of thing that jumped out at you, but it really was great, no kidding. We had almost smoothed things over, when a friend walked in, looked around with a start, and said, &ldquo;Hey! Did you guys put in a new floor?&rdquo;</P>
 <P>As I said, sometimes everything you need to know is right in front of your nose. Which brings us to Boyer-Moore string searching.</P>
 <H3><A NAME="Heading3"></A>String Searching Refresher</H3>
-<P>I&rsquo;ve discussed string searching earlier in this book, in Chapters 5 and 9. You may want to refer back to these chapters for some background on string searching in general. I&rsquo;m also going to use some of the code from that chapter as part of this chapter&rsquo;s test suite. For further information, you may want to refer to the discussion of string searching in the excellent <I>Algorithms in C,</I> by Robert Sedgewick (Addison-Wesley), which served as the primary reference for this chapter. (If you look at Sedgewick, be aware that in the Boyer-Moore listing on page 288, there is a mistake: &ldquo;j &gt 0&rdquo; in the <B>for</B> loop should be &ldquo;j &gt= 0,&rdquo; unless I&rsquo;m missing something.)</P>
+<P>I&rsquo;ve discussed string searching earlier in this book, in Chapters 5 and 9. You may want to refer back to these chapters for some background on string searching in general. I&rsquo;m also going to use some of the code from that chapter as part of this chapter&rsquo;s test suite. For further information, you may want to refer to the discussion of string searching in the excellent <I>Algorithms in C,</I> by Robert Sedgewick (Addison-Wesley), which served as the primary reference for this chapter. (If you look at Sedgewick, be aware that in the Boyer-Moore listing on page 288, there is a mistake: &ldquo;j &gt; 0&rdquo; in the <B>for</B> loop should be &ldquo;j &gt;= 0,&rdquo; unless I&rsquo;m missing something.)</P>
 <P>String searching is the simple matter of finding the first occurrence of a particular sequence of bytes (the pattern) within another sequence of bytes (the buffer). The obvious, brute-force approach is to try every possible match location, starting at the beginning of the buffer and advancing one position after each mismatch, until either a match is found or the buffer is exhausted. There&rsquo;s even a nifty string instruction, <B>REPZ CMPS,</B> that&rsquo;s perfect for comparing the pattern to the contents of the buffer at each location. What could be simpler?</P>
 <P>We have some important information that we&rsquo;re not yet using, though. Typically, the buffer will contain a wide variety of bytes. Let&rsquo;s assume that the buffer contains text, in which case there will be dozens of different characters; and although the distribution of characters won&rsquo;t usually be even, neither will any one character constitute half the buffer, or anything close. A reasonable conclusion is that the first character of the pattern will rarely match the first character of the buffer location currently being checked. This allows us to use the speedy <B>REPNZ SCASB</B> to whiz through the buffer, eliminating most potential match locations with single repetitions of <B>SCASB.</B> Only when that first character does (infrequently) match must we drop back to the slower <B>REPZ CMPS</B> approach.</P>
 <P>It&rsquo;s important to understand that we&rsquo;re assuming that the buffer is typical text. That&rsquo;s what I meant at the outset, when I said that the information you need may be under your nose.</P>

14-03.html

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">(16K)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">(16K)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">(16K)
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">(&lt1K)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">(&lt;1K)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">(16K)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">(16K)
 <TR>
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">4.0
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">2.0
 <TR>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt=255 pattern length + sentinelBoyer-Moore in ASM(Listing 14.4)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;=255 pattern length + sentinelBoyer-Moore in ASM(Listing 14.4)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">8.1
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">5.2
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">4.6

14-04.html

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
    no match is found.
    Tested with Borland C++ in C mode and the small model. */
 
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
 
 unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
    unsigned int BufferLength, unsigned char * PatternPtr,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
    int i;
 
    /* Reject if the buffer is too small */
-   if (BufferLength &lt PatternLength) return(NULL);
+   if (BufferLength < PatternLength) return(NULL);
 
    /* Return an instant match if the pattern is 0-length */
    if (PatternLength == 0) return(BufferPtr);
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
       mismatches for every possible byte value */
    /* Initialize all skips to the pattern length; this is the skip
       distance for bytes that don’t appear in the pattern */
-   for (i = 0; i &lt 256; i++) SkipTable[i] = PatternLength;
+   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) SkipTable[i] = PatternLength;
    /*Set the skip values for the bytes that do appear in the pattern
      to the distance from the byte location to the end of the
      pattern. When there are multiple instances of the same byte,
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
      if we get that value for a mismatch, we know for sure that the
      right end of the pattern has already passed the mismatch
      location, so this is not a relevant byte for skipping purposes */
-   for (i = 0; i &lt (PatternLength - 1); i++)
+   for (i = 0; i < (PatternLength - 1); i++)
       SkipTable[PatternPtr[i]] = PatternLength - i - 1;
 
    /* Point to rightmost byte of the pattern */
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
             just advance by 1 to the next potential match; otherwise,
             skip ahead from the mismatch location by the skip distance
             for the mismatch character */
-      if (SkipTable[*WorkingBufferPtr] &lt= DistanceMatched)
+      if (SkipTable[*WorkingBufferPtr] <= DistanceMatched)
       Skip = 1;   /* skip doesn’t do any good, advance by 1 */
       else
          /* Use skip value, accounting for distance covered by the
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
          Skip = SkipTable[*WorkingBufferPtr] - DistanceMatched;
       /* If skipping ahead would exhaust the buffer, we’re done
          without a match */
-      if (Skip &gt= BufferLength) return(NULL);
+      if (Skip >= BufferLength) return(NULL);
       /* Skip ahead and perform the next comparison */
       BufferLength -= Skip;
       BufferPtr += Skip;
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
 <P><B>LISTING 14.2 L14-2.C</B></P>
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
-/* Program to exercise buffer-search routines in Listings 14.1 &amp 14.3.
+/* Program to exercise buffer-search routines in Listings 14.1 &amp; 14.3.
    (Must be modified to put copy of pattern as sentinel at end of the
    search buffer in order to be used with Listing 14.4.) */
 
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-#include &ltstring.h&gt
+#include &lt;string.h&gt;
-#include &ltfcntl.h&gt
+#include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;
 
 #define DISPLAY_LENGTH  40
 #define BUFFER_SIZE     0x8000

14-05.html

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 ;          unsigned int PatternLength);
 
 parms   struc
-        dw      2 dup(?)   ;pushed BP &amp return address
+        dw      2 dup(?)   ;pushed BP & return address
 BufferPtr dw    ?          ;pointer to buffer to be searched
 BufferLength dw ?          ;# of bytes in buffer to be searched
 PatternPtr dw   ?          ;pointer to pattern for which to search

14-06.html

@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@
 ; unsigned int PatternLength);
 
 parms   struc
-        dw      2 dup(?)    ;pushed BP &amp return address
+        dw      2 dup(?)    ;pushed BP & return address
 BufferPtr dw    ?           ;pointer to buffer to be searched
 BufferLength dw ?           ;# of bytes in buffer to be searched
                             ; (not used, actually)
 PatternPtr dw   ?           ;pointer to pattern for which to search
                             ; (pattern *MUST* exist in the buffer)
 PatternLength dw ?          ;length of pattern for which to search (must
-                            ; be &lt= 255)
+                            ; be <= 255)
 parms   ends
 
         .model small

15-02.html

@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@
 #include “llist.h”
 struct LinkNode *DeleteNodeAfter(struct LinkNode *NodeToDeleteAfter)
 {
-   NodeToDeleteAfter-&gtNextNode =
+   NodeToDeleteAfter->NextNode =
-         NodeToDeleteAfter-&gtNextNode-&gtNextNode;
+         NodeToDeleteAfter->NextNode->NextNode;
    return(NodeToDeleteAfter);
 }
 </PRE>
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ struct LinkNode *DeleteNodeAfter(struct LinkNode **HeadOfListPtr,
    /* Handle specially if the node to delete after is actually the
       head of the list (delete the first element in the list) */
    if (NodeToDeleteAfter == (struct LinkNode *)HeadOfListPtr) {
-      *HeadOfListPtr = (*HeadOfListPtr)-&gtNextNode;
+      *HeadOfListPtr = (*HeadOfListPtr)-&gt;NextNode;
    } else {
-      NodeToDeleteAfter-&gtNextNode =
+      NodeToDeleteAfter-&gt;NextNode =
-            NodeToDeleteAfter-&gtNextNode-&gtNextNode;
+            NodeToDeleteAfter-&gt;NextNode-&gt;NextNode;
    }
    return(NodeToDeleteAfter);
 }
@@ -118,22 +118,22 @@ struct LinkNode *DeleteNodeAfter(struct LinkNode **HeadOfListPtr,
     preceding that node (to facilitate insertion and deletion), or a
     NULL pointer if no such value was found. Assumes the list is
     terminated with a tail node pointing to itself as the next node. */
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;llist.h&rdquo;
 struct LinkNode *FindNodeBeforeValueNotLess(
    struct LinkNode *HeadOfListNode, int SearchValue)
 {
    struct LinkNode *NodePtr = HeadOfListNode;
 
-   while ( (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtNextNode != NodePtr-&gtNextNode) &amp&amp
+   while ( (NodePtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;NextNode != NodePtr-&gt;NextNode) &amp;&amp;
-         (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtValue &lt SearchValue) )
+         (NodePtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;Value &lt; SearchValue) )
-      NodePtr = NodePtr-&gtNextNode;
+      NodePtr = NodePtr-&gt;NextNode;
 
-   if (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtNextNode == NodePtr-&gtNextNode)
+   if (NodePtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;NextNode == NodePtr-&gt;NextNode)
       return(NULL);     /* we found the sentinel; failed search */
    else
       return(NodePtr);  /* success; return pointer to node preceding
-                           node that was &gt= */
+                           node that was &gt;= */
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

15-03.html

@@ -47,19 +47,19 @@
    found. Assumes the list is terminated with a sentinel tail node
    containing the largest possible Value field setting and pointing
    to itself as the next node. */
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include “llist.h”
 struct LinkNode *FindNodeBeforeValueNotLess(
    struct LinkNode *HeadOfListNode, int SearchValue)
 {
    struct LinkNode *NodePtr = HeadOfListNode;
-   while (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtValue &lt SearchValue)
+   while (NodePtr->NextNode->Value < SearchValue)
-      NodePtr = NodePtr-&gtNextNode;
+      NodePtr = NodePtr->NextNode;
-   if (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtNextNode == NodePtr-&gtNextNode)
+   if (NodePtr->NextNode->NextNode == NodePtr->NextNode)
       return(NULL);     /* we found the sentinel; failed search */
    else
       return(NodePtr);  /* success; return pointer to node preceding
-                           node that was &gt= */
+                           node that was >= */
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ struct LinkNode *FindNodeBeforeValueNotLess(
     is,it has a dummy node as both the head and the tail of the list.
     The dummy node is a sentinel, containing the largest possible
     Value field setting. Tested with Borland C++ in C mode. */
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-#include &ltstring.h&gt
+#include &lt;string.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;llist.h&rdquo;
 /* Initializes an empty linked list of LinkNode structures,
    consisting of a single head/tail/sentinel node, and returns a
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ struct LinkNode *InitLinkedList()
 
    if ((Sentinel = malloc(sizeof(struct LinkNode))) == NULL)
       return(NULL);
-   Sentinel-&gtNextNode = Sentinel;
+   Sentinel-&gt;NextNode = Sentinel;
-   Sentinel-&gtValue = SENTINEL;
+   Sentinel-&gt;Value = SENTINEL;
-   strcpy(Sentinel-&gtText, &ldquo;*** sentinel ***&rdquo;);
+   strcpy(Sentinel-&gt;Text, &ldquo;*** sentinel ***&rdquo;);
    return(Sentinel);
 }
 
@@ -113,12 +113,12 @@ int SearchValue)
 {
    struct LinkNode *NodePtr = HeadOfListNode;
 
-   while (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtValue &lt SearchValue)
+   while (NodePtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;Value &lt; SearchValue)
-      NodePtr = NodePtr-&gtNextNode;
+      NodePtr = NodePtr-&gt;NextNode;
-   if (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtValue == SearchValue) {
+   if (NodePtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;Value == SearchValue) {
       /* Found the search value; success unless we found the
          sentinel (can happen only if SearchValue == SENTINEL) */
-      if (NodePtr-&gtNextNode == HeadOfListNode) {
+      if (NodePtr-&gt;NextNode == HeadOfListNode) {
          return(NULL);     /* failure; we found the sentinel */
       } else {
          return(NodePtr);  /* success; return pointer to node
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ struct LinkNode *InsertNodeSorted(struct LinkNode *HeadOfListNode,
    struct LinkNode *NodeToInsert)
 {
    struct LinkNode *NodePtr = HeadOfListNode;
-   int SearchValue = NodeToInsert-&gtValue;
+   int SearchValue = NodeToInsert-&gt;Value;
-   while (NodePtr-&gtNextNode-&gtValue &lt SearchValue)
+   while (NodePtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;Value &lt; SearchValue)
-      NodePtr = NodePtr-&gtNextNode;
+      NodePtr = NodePtr-&gt;NextNode;
-   NodeToInsert-&gtNextNode = NodePtr-&gtNextNode;
+   NodeToInsert-&gt;NextNode = NodePtr-&gt;NextNode;
-   NodePtr-&gtNextNode = NodeToInsert;
+   NodePtr-&gt;NextNode = NodeToInsert;
    return(NodePtr);
 }
 </PRE>

15-04.html

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ LinkNode ends
 ; struct LinkNode *InsertNodeSorted(struct LinkNode *HeadOfListNode,
 ;      struct LinkNode *NodeToInsert)
 parms   struc
-        dw      2 dup (?)       ;pushed return address &amp BP
+        dw      2 dup (?)       ;pushed return address & BP
 HeadOfListNode dw       ?       ;pointer to head node of list
 NodeToInsert dw         ?       ;pointer to node to insert
 parms   ends
@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ _InsertNodeSorted endp
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
 /* Sample linked list program. Tested with Borland C++. */
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include &lt;conio.h&gt;
-#include &ltctype.h&gt
+#include &lt;ctype.h&gt;
-#include &ltstring.h&gt
+#include &lt;string.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;llist.h&rdquo;
 
 void main()
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void main()
        exit(1);
    }
    while (!Done) {
-      printf(&ldquo;\nA=add; D=delete; F=find; L=list all; Q=quit\n&gt&rdquo;);
+      printf(&ldquo;\nA=add; D=delete; F=find; L=list all; Q=quit\n&gt;&rdquo;);
       Char = toupper(getche());
       printf(&ldquo;\n&rdquo;);
       switch (Char) {
@@ -132,24 +132,24 @@ void main()
                exit(1);
              }
             printf(&ldquo;Node value: &rdquo;);
-            scanf(&ldquo;%d&rdquo;, &ampTempPtr-&gtValue);
+            scanf(&ldquo;%d&rdquo;, &amp;TempPtr-&gt;Value);
-            if ((FindNodeBeforeValue(ListPtr,TempPtr-&gtValue))!=NULL)
+            if ((FindNodeBeforeValue(ListPtr,TempPtr-&gt;Value))!=NULL)
             {  printf(&ldquo;*** value already in list; try again ***\n&rdquo;);
                free(TempPtr);
             } else {printf(&ldquo;Node text: &rdquo;);
                TempBuffer[0] = MAX_TEXT_LENGTH;
                cgets(TempBuffer);
-               strcpy(TempPtr-&gtText, &ampTempBuffer[2]);
+               strcpy(TempPtr-&gt;Text, &amp;TempBuffer[2]);
                InsertNodeSorted(ListPtr, TempPtr);
                printf(&ldquo;\n&rdquo;);
             }
             break;
          case 'D':               /* delete a node */
             printf(&ldquo;Value field of node to delete: &rdquo;);
-            scanf(&ldquo;%d&rdquo;, &ampTempValue);
+            scanf(&ldquo;%d&rdquo;, &amp;TempValue);
             if ((TempPtr = FindNodeBeforeValue(ListPtr, TempValue))
                  != NULL) {
-               TempPtr2 = TempPtr-&gtNextNode; /* -&gt node to delete */
+               TempPtr2 = TempPtr-&gt;NextNode; /* -&gt; node to delete */
                DeleteNodeAfter(TempPtr);     /* delete it */
                free(TempPtr2);               /* free its memory */
             } else {
@@ -157,22 +157,22 @@ void main()
             break;
          case 'F':               /* find a node */
             printf(&ldquo;Value field of node to find: &rdquo;);
-            scanf(&ldquo;%d&rdquo;, &ampTempValue);
+            scanf(&ldquo;%d&rdquo;, &amp;TempValue);
             if ((TempPtr = FindNodeBeforeValue(ListPtr, TempValue))
                   != NULL)
                printf(&ldquo;Value: %d\nText: %s\n&rdquo;,
-                 TempPtr-&gtNextNode-&gtValue, TempPtr-&gtNextNode-&gtText);
+                 TempPtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;Value, TempPtr-&gt;NextNode-&gt;Text);
             else
                printf(&ldquo;*** no such value field in list ***\n&rdquo;);
             break;
          case 'L':               /* list all nodes */
-            TempPtr = ListPtr-&gtNextNode;  /* point to first node */
+            TempPtr = ListPtr-&gt;NextNode;  /* point to first node */
             if (TempPtr == ListPtr) {     /* empty if at sentinel */
                printf(&ldquo;*** List is empty ***\n&rdquo;);
             } else {
-               do {printf(&ldquo;Value: %d\n  Text: %s\n&rdquo;, TempPtr-&gtValue,
+               do {printf(&ldquo;Value: %d\n  Text: %s\n&rdquo;, TempPtr-&gt;Value,
-                        TempPtr-&gtText);
+                        TempPtr-&gt;Text);
-                  TempPtr = TempPtr-&gtNextNode;
+                  TempPtr = TempPtr-&gt;NextNode;
                } while (TempPtr != ListPtr);
             }
             break;

16-01.html

@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@
 <TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">16.1 (C)
 <TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">4.6 seconds
 <TR>
-<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">16.2 &amp 16.3 (C+ASM)
+<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">16.2 &amp; 16.3 (C+ASM)
 <TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">2.4 seconds
 <TR>
-<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">16.2 &amp 16.4 (C+ASM w/lookup)
+<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">16.2 &amp; 16.4 (C+ASM w/lookup)
 <TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">1.6 seconds
 <TR>
 <TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN="2"><SMALL>These are the times taken to search a file containing 104,448 words, timed from a RAM disk on a 20 MHz 386.</SMALL>
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@
  /* Word-counting program. Tested with Borland C++ in C
     compilation mode and the small model. */
  
- #include &ltstdio.h&gt
+ #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
- #include &ltfcntl.h&gt
+ #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;
- #include &ltsys\stat.h&gt
+ #include &lt;sys\stat.h&gt;
- #include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+ #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
- #include &ltio.h&gt
+ #include &lt;io.h&gt;
  
  #define  <I>B</I> UFFER_SIZE  0x8000   /* largest chunk of file worked 
                                   with at any one time */
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
     char *Buffer, CharFlag = 0, PredCharFlag, *BufferPtr, Ch;
  
     if (argc != 2) {
-       printf(&ldquo;usage: wc &ltfilename&gt\n&rdquo;);
+       printf(&ldquo;usage: wc &lt;filename&gt;\n&rdquo;);
        exit(1);
     }
  
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
     }
  
     /* Process the file in chunks */
-    while (FileSize &gt 0) {
+    while (FileSize &gt; 0) {
        /* Get the next chunk */
        FileSize -= (BlockSize = min(FileSize, BUFFER_SIZE));
        if (read(Handle, Buffer, BlockSize) == -1) {
@@ -134,14 +134,14 @@
        BufferPtr = Buffer;
        do {
           PredCharFlag = CharFlag;
-          Ch = *BufferPtr++ &amp 0x7F; /* strip high bit, which some
+          Ch = *BufferPtr++ &amp; 0x7F; /* strip high bit, which some
                                        word processors set as an
                                        internal flag */
-          CharFlag = ((Ch &gt= &lsquo;a&rsquo;) &amp&amp (Ch &lt= &lsquo;z&rsquo;)) ||
+          CharFlag = ((Ch &gt;= &lsquo;a&rsquo;) &amp;&amp; (Ch &lt;= &lsquo;z&rsquo;)) ||
-                     ((Ch &gt= &lsquo;A&rsquo;) &amp&amp (Ch &lt= &lsquo;Z&rsquo;)) ||
+                     ((Ch &gt;= &lsquo;A&rsquo;) &amp;&amp; (Ch &lt;= &lsquo;Z&rsquo;)) ||
-                     ((Ch &gt= &lsquo;0&rsquo;) &amp&amp (Ch &lt= &lsquo;9&rsquo;)) ||
+                     ((Ch &gt;= &lsquo;0&rsquo;) &amp;&amp; (Ch &lt;= &lsquo;9&rsquo;)) ||
                      (Ch == &lsquo;\&rsquo;&rsquo;);
-          if ((!CharFlag) &amp&amp PredCharFlag) {
+          if ((!CharFlag) &amp;&amp; PredCharFlag) {
              WordCo <I>u</I> nt++; 
           }
        } while (&mdash;BlockSize);

16-02.html

@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
  /* Word-counting program incorporating assembly language. Tested
-    with Borland C<SMALL>++</SMALL> in C compilation mode &amp the small model. */
+    with Borland C<SMALL>++</SMALL> in C compilation mode &amp; the small model. */
  
- #include &ltstdio.h&gt
+ #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
- #include &ltfcntl.h&gt
+ #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;
- #include &ltsys\stat.h&gt
+ #include &lt;sys\stat.h&gt;
- #include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+ #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
- #include &ltio.h&gt
+ #include &lt;io.h&gt;
  
  #define BUFFER_SIZE  0x8000   /* largest chunk of file worked
                                   with at any one time */
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     char *Buffer, CharFlag = 0;
  
     if (argc != 2) {
-       printf(&ldquo;usage: wc &ltfilename&gt\n&rdquo;);
+       printf(&ldquo;usage: wc &lt;filename&gt;\n&rdquo;);
        exit(1);
     }
  
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@
     }
  
     CharFlag = 0;
-    while (FileSize &gt 0) {
+    while (FileSize &gt; 0) {
        FileSize -= (BlockSize = min(FileSize, BUFFER_SIZE));
        if (read(Handle, Buffer, BlockSize) == -1) {
           printf(&ldquo;Error reading file %s\n&rdquo;, argv[1]);
           exit(1);
        }
-       ScanBuffer(Buffer, BlockSize, &ampCharFlag, &ampWordCount);
+       ScanBuffer(Buffer, BlockSize, &amp;CharFlag, &amp;WordCount);
     }
  
     /* Catch the last word, if any */
@@ -106,14 +106,14 @@
 <PRE>
  ; Assembly subroutine for Listing 16.2. Scans through Buffer, of
  ; length BufferLength, counting words and updating WordCount as
- ; appropriate. BufferLength must be &gt 0. *CharFlag and *WordCount
+ ; appropriate. BufferLength must be &gt; 0. *CharFlag and *WordCount
  ; should equal 0 on the first call. Tested with TASM.
  ; C near-callable as:
  ; void ScanBuffer(char *Buffer, unsigned int BufferLength,
  ; char *CharFlag, unsigned long *WordCount);
  
  parms   struc
-         dw      2 dup(?)        ;pushed return address &amp BP
+         dw      2 dup(?)        ;pushed return address &amp; BP
  Buffer  dw      ?               ;buffer to scan
  BufferLength dw ?               ;length of buffer to scan
  CharFlag dw     ?               ;pointer to flag for state of last
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
          mov     di,[bp+BufferLength];get # of bytes to scan
  ScanLoop:
          mov     bh,bl           ;PredCharFlag = CharFlag;
-         lodsb                   ;Ch = *BufferPtr++ &amp 0x7F;
+         lodsb                   ;Ch = *BufferPtr++ &amp; 0x7F;
          and     al,7fh          ;strip high bit for word processors
                                  ; that set it as an internal flag
          mov     bl,1            ;assume this is a char; CharFlag = 1;
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
          jz      IsAChar
          sub     bl,bl           ;not a char; CharFlag = 0;
          and     bh,bh
-         jz      ScanLoopBottom  ;if ((!CharFlag) &amp&amp PredCharFlag) {
+         jz      ScanLoopBottom  ;if ((!CharFlag) &amp;&amp; PredCharFlag) {
          add     cx,1            ;    (WordCount)++;
          adc     dx,0            ;}
  IsAChar:

16-03.html

@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@
  ; Assembly subroutine for Listing 16.2. Scans through Buffer, of
  ; length BufferLength, counting words and updating WordCount as
  ; appropriate, using a lookup table-based approach. BufferLength
- ; must be &gt 0. *CharFlag and *WordCount should equal 0 on the
+ ; must be > 0. *CharFlag and *WordCount should equal 0 on the
  ; first call. Tested with TASM.
  ; C near-callable as:
  ; void ScanBuffer(char *Buffer, unsigned int BufferLength,
  ; char *CharFlag, unsigned long *WordCount);
  
  parms   struc
-         dw      2 dup(?)        ;pushed return address &amp BP
+         dw      2 dup(?)        ;pushed return address & BP
  Buffer  dw      ?               ;buffer to scan
  BufferLength dw ?               ;length of buffer to scan
  CharFlag dw     ?               ;pointer to flag for state of last

16-05.html

@@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ jumping.
                  .code
   
  Test1           macro   x,y             ;9 or 10 bytes
- Addr&ampx:         mov     di,[bp+y]       ;3 or 4 bytes
+ Addr&x:         mov     di,[bp+y]       ;3 or 4 bytes
                  adc     di,di
                  or      ax,si
                  add     al,[di]
                  endm
   
  Test2           macro   x,y              ;7 or 8 bytes
- Addr&ampx:         mov     di,[bp+y]        ;3 or 4 bytes
+ Addr&x:         mov     di,[bp+y]        ;3 or 4 bytes
                  adc     di,di
                  add     ah,[di]
                  endm
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ jumping.
   
                  .data
  Address         macro   X
-                 dw      Addr&ampX
+                 dw      Addr&X
                  endm
   
  LoopEntry       label word

16-08.html

@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@
 <PRE>
  //  MAKETAB.C &mdash; Build QSCAN3.INC for QSCAN3.ASM
   
- #include &ltstdio.h&gt
+ #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
- #include &ltctype.h&gt
+ #include &lt;ctype.h&gt;
   
- #define ChType( c )  (((c) &amp 0x7f) == &lsquo;\&rsquo;&rsquo; || isalnum((c) &amp 0x7f))
+ #define ChType( c )  (((c) &amp; 0x7f) == &lsquo;\&rsquo;&rsquo; || isalnum((c) &amp; 0x7f))
   
  int NoCarry[ 4 ] = { 0, 0x80, 1, 0x80 };
  int Carry[ 4 ]   = { 1, 0x81, 1, 0x80 };
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@
   
    printf( &ldquo;Building table.  Please wait...&rdquo; );
   
-   for( ahChar = 0; ahChar &lt 128; ahChar++ )
+   for( ahChar = 0; ahChar &lt; 128; ahChar++ )
      {
-     for( alChar = 0; alChar &lt 256; alChar++ )
+     for( alChar = 0; alChar &lt; 256; alChar++ )
        {
        i = ChType( alChar ) * 2 + ChType( ahChar );
   

17-02.html

@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@
 /* C++ Game of Life implementation for any mode for which mode set
    and draw pixel functions can be provided.
    Tested with Borland C++ in the small model. */
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include <stdlib.h>
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
-#include &ltiostream.h&gt
+#include <iostream.h>
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &lttime.h&gt
+#include <time.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
-#include &ltbios.h&gt
+#include <bios.h>
-#include &ltmem.h&gt
+#include <mem.h>
 
 #define ON_COLOR  15       // on-cell pixel color
 #define OFF_COLOR 0        // off-cell pixel color
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ private:
 public:
    cellmap(unsigned int h, unsigned int v);
    ~cellmap(void);
-   void copy_cells(cellmap &ampsourcemap);
+   void copy_cells(cellmap &sourcemap);
    void set_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y);
    void clear_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y);
    int cell_state(int x, int y);
-   void next_generation(cellmap&amp dest_map);
+   void next_generation(cellmap& dest_map);
 };
 
 extern void enter_display_mode(void);
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ extern void show_text(int x, int y, char *text);
    display at right. */
 unsigned int cellmap_width = 96;
 unsigned int cellmap_height = 96;
-/* Width &amp height in pixels of each cell as displayed on screen. */
+/* Width & height in pixels of each cell as displayed on screen. */
 unsigned int magnifier = 2;
 
 void main()
@@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ void main()
    cellmap next_map(cellmap_height, cellmap_width);
 
    // Get the seed; seed randomly if 0 entered
-   cout &lt&lt “Seed (0 for random seed): ”;
+   cout << “Seed (0 for random seed): ”;
-   cin &gt&gt seed;
+   cin >> seed;
    if (seed == 0) seed = (unsigned) time(NULL);
 
    // Randomly initialize the initial cell map
-   cout &lt&lt “Initializing...”;
+   cout << “Initializing...”;
    srand(seed);
    init_length = (cellmap_height * cellmap_width) / 2;
    do {
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ void main()
    // Keep recalculating and redisplaying generations until a key
    // is pressed
    show_text(0, MSG_LINE, “Generation: ”);
-   start_bios_time = _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &ampbios_time);
+   start_bios_time = _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &bios_time);
    do {
       generation++;
       sprintf(gen_text, “%10lu”, generation);
@@ -132,15 +132,15 @@ void main()
 #if LIMIT_18_HZ
       // Limit to a maximum of 18.2 frames per second,for visibility
       do {
-         _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &ampbios_time);
+         _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &bios_time);
       } while (start_bios_time == bios_time);
       start_bios_time = bios_time;
 #endif
    } while (!kbhit());
    getch();    // clear keypress
    exit_display_mode();
-   cout &lt&lt “Total generations: ” &lt&lt generation &lt&lt “\nSeed: ” &lt&lt
+   cout << “Total generations: ” << generation << “\nSeed: ” <<
-         seed &lt&lt “\n”;
+         seed << “\n”;
 }
 
 /* cellmap constructor. */
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ cellmap::~cellmap(void)
 
 /* Copies one cellmap’s cells to another cellmap. Both cellmaps are
    assumed to be the same size.  */
-void cellmap::copy_cells(cellmap &ampsourcemap)
+void cellmap::copy_cells(cellmap &sourcemap)
 {
    memcpy(cells, sourcemap.cells, length_in_bytes);
 }
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ void cellmap::set_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y)
    unsigned char *cell_ptr =
          cells + (y * width_in_bytes) + (x / 8);
 
-   *(cell_ptr) |= 0x80 &gt&gt (x &amp 0x07);
+   *(cell_ptr) |= 0x80 >> (x & 0x07);
 }
 
 /* Turns cell off. */
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ void cellmap::clear_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y)
    unsigned char *cell_ptr =
          cells + (y * width_in_bytes) + (x / 8);
 
-   *(cell_ptr) &amp= ~(0x80 &gt&gt (x &amp 0x07));
+   *(cell_ptr) &= ~(0x80 >> (x & 0x07));
 }
 
 /* Returns cell state (1=on or 0=off), optionally wrapping at the
@@ -192,26 +192,26 @@ int cellmap::cell_state(int x, int y)
    unsigned char *cell_ptr;
 
 #if WRAP_EDGES
-   while (x &lt 0) x += width;     // wrap, if necessary
+   while (x < 0) x += width;     // wrap, if necessary
-   while (x &gt= width) x -= width;
+   while (x >= width) x -= width;
-   while (y &lt 0) y += height;
+   while (y < 0) y += height;
-   while (y &gt= height) y -= height;
+   while (y >= height) y -= height;
 #else
-   if ((x &lt 0) || (x &gt= width) || (y &lt 0) || (y &gt= height))
+   if ((x < 0) || (x >= width) || (y < 0) || (y >= height))
       return 0;   // return 0 for off edges if no wrapping
 #endif
    cell_ptr = cells + (y * width_in_bytes) + (x / 8);
-   return (*cell_ptr &amp (0x80 &gt&gt (x &amp 0x07))) ? 1 : 0;
+   return (*cell_ptr & (0x80 >> (x & 0x07))) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 /* Calculates the next generation of a cellmap and stores it in
    next_map. */
-void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap&amp next_map)
+void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap& next_map)
 {
    unsigned int x, y, neighbor_count;
 
-   for (y=0; y&ltheight; y++) {
+   for (y=0; y<height; y++) {
-      for (x=0; x&ltwidth; x++) {
+      for (x=0; x<width; x++) {
          // Figure out how many neighbors this cell has
          neighbor_count = cell_state(x-1, y-1) + cell_state(x, y-1) +
                cell_state(x+1, y-1) + cell_state(x-1, y) +
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap&amp next_map)
                cell_state(x, y+1) + cell_state(x+1, y+1);
          if (cell_state(x, y) == 1) {
             // The cell is on; does it stay on?
-            if ((neighbor_count != 2) &amp&amp (neighbor_count != 3)) {
+            if ((neighbor_count != 2) && (neighbor_count != 3)) {
                next_map.clear_cell(x, y);    // turn it off
                draw_pixel(x, y, OFF_COLOR);
             }
@@ -240,17 +240,17 @@ void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap&amp next_map)
 <PRE>
 /* VGA mode 13h functions for Game of Life.
    Tested with Borland C++. */
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include &lt;conio.h&gt;
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include &lt;dos.h&gt;
 
 #define TEXT_X_OFFSET   27
 #define SCREEN_WIDTH_IN_BYTES 320
 
-/* Width &amp height in pixels of each cell. */
+/* Width &amp; height in pixels of each cell. */
 extern unsigned int magnifier;
 
-/* Mode 13h draw pixel function. Pixels are of width &amp height
+/* Mode 13h draw pixel function. Pixels are of width &amp; height
    specified by magnifier. */
 void draw_pixel(unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int color)
 {
@@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ void draw_pixel(unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int color)
    FP_SEG(screen_ptr) = SCREEN_SEGMENT;
    FP_OFF(screen_ptr) =
          y * magnifier * SCREEN_WIDTH_IN_BYTES + x * magnifier;
-   for (i=0; i&ltmagnifier; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i&lt;magnifier; i++) {
-      for (j=0; j&ltmagnifier; j++) {
+      for (j=0; j&lt;magnifier; j++) {
          *(screen_ptr+j) = color;
       }
       screen_ptr += SCREEN_WIDTH_IN_BYTES;
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ void enter_display_mode()
    union REGS regset;
 
    regset.x.ax = 0x0013;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &amp;regset, &amp;regset);
 }
 
 /* Text mode mode-set function. */
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ void exit_display_mode()
    union REGS regset;
 
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &amp;regset, &amp;regset);
 }
 
 /* Text display function. Offsets text to non-graphics area of

17-03.html

@@ -75,19 +75,19 @@
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">2
 <TR>
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><B>set_cell()</B>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
 <TR>
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><B>clear_cell()</B>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
 <TR>
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><B>copy_cells()</B>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt1
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">&lt;1
 <TR>
 <TD COLSPAN="4"><HR>
 <TR>

17-04.html

@@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ private:
 public:
    cellmap(unsigned int h, unsigned int v);
    ~cellmap(void);
-   void copy_cells(cellmap &ampsourcemap);
+   void copy_cells(cellmap &sourcemap);
    void set_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y);
    void clear_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y);
    int cell_state(int x, int y);
    int count_neighbors(int x, int y);
-   void next_generation(cellmap&amp dest_map);
+   void next_generation(cellmap& dest_map);
 };
 
 /* cellmap constructor. Pads around cell storage area with 1 extra
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ cellmap::cellmap(unsigned int h, unsigned int w)
    source first, so that the padding bytes off each edge have the
    same values as would be found by wrapping around to the opposite
    edge. Both cellmaps are assumed to be the same size. */
-void cellmap::copy_cells(cellmap &ampsourcemap)
+void cellmap::copy_cells(cellmap &sourcemap)
 {
    unsigned char *cell_ptr;
    int i;
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void cellmap::copy_cells(cellmap &ampsourcemap)
 #if WRAP_EDGES
 // Copy left and right edges into padding bytes on right and left
    cell_ptr = sourcemap.cells + width_in_bytes;
-   for (i=0; i&ltheight; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i<height; i++) {
       *cell_ptr = *(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes - 2);
       *(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes - 1) = *(cell_ptr + 1);
       cell_ptr += width_in_bytes;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ void cellmap::set_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y)
    unsigned char *cell_ptr =
          cells + ((y + 1) * width_in_bytes) + ((x / 8) + 1);
 
-   *(cell_ptr) |= 0x80 &gt&gt (x &amp 0x07);
+   *(cell_ptr) |= 0x80 >> (x & 0x07);
 }
 
 /* Turns cell off. x and y are offset by 1 byte down and to the right,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ void cellmap::clear_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y)
    unsigned char *cell_ptr =
          cells + ((y + 1) * width_in_bytes) + ((x / 8) + 1);
 
-   *(cell_ptr) &amp= ~(0x80 &gt&gt (x &amp 0x07));
+   *(cell_ptr) &= ~(0x80 >> (x & 0x07));
 }
 
 /* Returns cell state (1=on or 0=off). x and y are offset by 1 byte
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ int cellmap::cell_state(int x, int y)
    unsigned char *cell_ptr =
          cells + ((y + 1) * width_in_bytes) + ((x / 8) + 1);
 
-   return (*cell_ptr &amp (0x80 &gt&gt (x &amp 0x07))) ? 1 : 0;
+   return (*cell_ptr & (0x80 >> (x & 0x07))) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 /* Counts the number of neighboring on-cells for specified cell. */
@@ -155,50 +155,50 @@ int cellmap::count_neighbors(int x, int y)
 
    // Point to upper left neighbor
    cell_ptr = cells + ((y * width_in_bytes) + ((x + 7) / 8));
-   mask = 0x80 &gt&gt ((x - 1) &amp 0x07);
+   mask = 0x80 >> ((x - 1) & 0x07);
    // Count upper left neighbor
-   neighbor_count = (*cell_ptr &amp mask) ? 1 : 0;
+   neighbor_count = (*cell_ptr & mask) ? 1 : 0;
    // Count left neighbor
-   if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+   if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) & mask)) neighbor_count++;
    // Count lower left neighbor
-   if ((*(cell_ptr + (width_in_bytes * 2)) &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+   if ((*(cell_ptr + (width_in_bytes * 2)) & mask)) neighbor_count++;
 
    // Point to upper neighbor
-   if ((mask &gt&gt= 1) == 0) {
+   if ((mask >>= 1) == 0) {
       mask = 0x80;
       cell_ptr++;
    }
    // Count upper neighbor
-   if ((*cell_ptr &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+   if ((*cell_ptr & mask)) neighbor_count++;
    // Count lower neighbor
-   if ((*(cell_ptr + (width_in_bytes * 2)) &amp mask))  neighbor_count++;
+   if ((*(cell_ptr + (width_in_bytes * 2)) & mask))  neighbor_count++;
 
    // Point to upper right neighbor
-   if ((mask &gt&gt= 1) == 0) {
+   if ((mask >>= 1) == 0) {
       mask = 0x80;
       cell_ptr++;
    }
    // Count upper right neighbor
-   if ((*cell_ptr &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+   if ((*cell_ptr & mask)) neighbor_count++;
    // Count right neighbor
-   if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+   if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) & mask)) neighbor_count++;
    // Count lower right neighbor
-   if ((*(cell_ptr + (width_in_bytes * 2)) &amp mask))  neighbor_count++;
+   if ((*(cell_ptr + (width_in_bytes * 2)) & mask))  neighbor_count++;
 
    return neighbor_count;
 }
 
 /* Calculates the next generation of current_map and stores it in
    next_map. */
-void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap&amp next_map)
+void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap& next_map)
 {
    unsigned int x, y, neighbor_count;
 
-   for (y=0; y&ltheight; y++) {
+   for (y=0; y<height; y++) {
-      for (x=0; x&ltwidth; x++) {
+      for (x=0; x<width; x++) {
          neighbor_count = count_neighbors(x, y);
          if (cell_state(x, y) == 1) {
-            if ((neighbor_count != 2) &amp&amp (neighbor_count != 3)) {
+            if ((neighbor_count != 2) && (neighbor_count != 3)) {
                next_map.clear_cell(x, y);    // turn it off
                draw_pixel(x, y, OFF_COLOR);
             }

17-05.html

@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@
 
 /* Calculates the next generation of current_map and stores it in
    next_map. */
-void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap&amp next_map)
+void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap& next_map)
 {
    unsigned int x, y, neighbor_count;
-   unsigned int width_in_bytesX2 = width_in_bytes &lt&lt 1;
+   unsigned int width_in_bytesX2 = width_in_bytes << 1;
    unsigned char *cell_ptr, *current_cell_ptr, mask, current_mask;
    unsigned char *base_cell_ptr, *row_cell_ptr, base_mask;
    unsigned char *dest_cell_ptr = next_map.cells;
@@ -61,24 +61,24 @@ void cellmap::next_generation(cellmap&amp next_map)
    // Process all cells in the current cellmap
    row_cell_ptr = cells;      // point to upper left neighbor of
                               // first cell in cell map
-   for (y=0; y&ltheight; y++) { // repeat for each row of cells
+   for (y=0; y<height; y++) { // repeat for each row of cells
       // Cell pointer and cell bit mask for first cell in row
       base_cell_ptr = row_cell_ptr; // to access upper left neighbor
       base_mask = 0x01;             // of first cell in row
-      for (x=0; x&ltwidth; x++) {     // repeat for each cell in row
+      for (x=0; x<width; x++) {     // repeat for each cell in row
          // First, count neighbors
          // Point to upper left neighbor of current cell
          cell_ptr = base_cell_ptr;  // pointer and bit mask for
          mask = base_mask;          // upper left neighbor
          // Count upper left neighbor
-         neighbor_count = (*cell_ptr &amp mask) ? 1 : 0;
+         neighbor_count = (*cell_ptr & mask) ? 1 : 0;
          // Count left neighbor
-         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) & mask)) neighbor_count++;
          // Count lower left neighbor
-         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytesX2) &amp mask))
+         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytesX2) & mask))
 neighbor_count++;
          // Point to upper neighbor
-         if ((mask &gt&gt= 1) == 0) {
+         if ((mask >>= 1) == 0) {
             mask = 0x80;
             cell_ptr++;
          }
@@ -86,25 +86,25 @@ neighbor_count++;
          current_cell_ptr = cell_ptr + width_in_bytes;
          current_mask = mask;
          // Count upper neighbor
-         if ((*cell_ptr &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+         if ((*cell_ptr & mask)) neighbor_count++;
          // Count lower neighbor
-         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytesX2) &amp mask))
+         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytesX2) & mask))
                neighbor_count++;
          // Point to upper right neighbor
-         if ((mask &gt&gt= 1) == 0) {
+         if ((mask >>= 1) == 0) {
             mask = 0x80;
             cell_ptr++;
          }
          // Count upper right neighbor
-         if ((*cell_ptr &amp mask)) neighbor_count++;
+         if ((*cell_ptr & mask)) neighbor_count++;
          // Count right neighbor
-         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) &amp mask))  neighbor_count++;
+         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytes) & mask))  neighbor_count++;
          // Count lower right neighbor
-         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytesX2) &amp mask))
+         if ((*(cell_ptr + width_in_bytesX2) & mask))
                neighbor_count++;
-         if (*current_cell_ptr &amp current_mask) {
+         if (*current_cell_ptr & current_mask) {
-            if ((neighbor_count != 2) &amp&amp (neighbor_count != 3)) {
+            if ((neighbor_count != 2) && (neighbor_count != 3)) {
-               *(dest_cell_ptr + (current_cell_ptr - cells)) &amp=
+               *(dest_cell_ptr + (current_cell_ptr - cells)) &=
                      ~current_mask;    // turn off cell
                draw_pixel(x, y, OFF_COLOR);
             }
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ neighbor_count++;
             }
          }
          // Advance to the next cell on row
-         if ((base_mask &gt&gt= 1) == 0) {
+         if ((base_mask >>= 1) == 0) {
             base_mask = 0x80;
             base_cell_ptr++;  // advance to the next cell byte
          }

17-07.html

@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@
    in this implementation.
    Tested with Borland C++. To run, link with Listing 17.2
    in the large model. */
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include <stdlib.h>
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
-#include &ltiostream.h&gt
+#include <iostream.h>
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &lttime.h&gt
+#include <time.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
-#include &ltbios.h&gt
+#include <bios.h>
-#include &ltmem.h&gt
+#include <mem.h>
 
 #define ON_COLOR  15       // on-cell pixel color
 #define OFF_COLOR 0        // off-cell pixel color
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ extern void show_text(int x, int y, char *text);
 unsigned int cellmap_width = 96;
 unsigned int cellmap_height = 96;
 
-/* Width &amp height in pixels of each cell. */
+/* Width & height in pixels of each cell. */
 unsigned int magnifier = 2;
 
 /* Randomizing seed */
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ void main()
    // Keep recalculating and redisplaying generations until any key
    // is pressed
    show_text(0, MSG_LINE, “Generation: ”);
-   start_bios_time = _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &ampbios_time);
+   start_bios_time = _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &bios_time);
    do {
       generation++;
       sprintf(gen_text, “%10lu”, generation);
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ void main()
 #if LIMIT_18_HZ
       // Limit to a maximum of 18.2 frames per second, for visibility
       do {
-         _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &ampbios_time);
+         _bios_timeofday(_TIME_GETCLOCK, &bios_time);
       } while (start_bios_time == bios_time);
       start_bios_time = bios_time;
 #endif
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ void main()
 
    getch();    // clear keypress
    exit_display_mode();
-   cout &lt&lt “Total generations: ” &lt&lt generation &lt&lt “\nSeed: ” &lt&lt
+   cout << “Total generations: ” << generation << “\nSeed: ” <<
-         seed &lt&lt “\n”;
+         seed << “\n”;
 }
 
 /* cellmap constructor. */
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ void cellmap::clear_cell(unsigned int x, unsigned int y)
    else
       yobelow = w;
 
-   *(cell_ptr) &amp= ~0x01;
+   *(cell_ptr) &= ~0x01;
    *(cell_ptr + yoabove + xoleft) -= 2;
    *(cell_ptr + yoabove ) -= 2;
    *(cell_ptr + yoabove + xoright) -= 2;
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ int cellmap::cell_state(int x, int y)
    unsigned char *cell_ptr;
 
    cell_ptr = cells + (y * width) + x;
-   return *cell_ptr &amp 0x01;
+   return *cell_ptr & 0x01;
 }
 
 /* Calculates and displays the next generation of current_map */
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ void cellmap::next_generation()
 
    // Process all cells in the current cell map
    cell_ptr = temp_cells;     // first cell in cell map
-   for (y=0; y&lth; y++) {      // repeat for each row of cells
+   for (y=0; y<h; y++) {      // repeat for each row of cells
    // Process all cells in the current row of the cell map
       x = 0;
       do {        // repeat for each cell in row
@@ -262,15 +262,15 @@ void cellmap::next_generation()
                   // neighbors as possible
          while (*cell_ptr == 0) {
             cell_ptr++; // advance to the next cell
-            if (++x &gt= w) goto RowDone;
+            if (++x >= w) goto RowDone;
          }
          // Found a cell that’s either on or has on-neighbors,
          // so see if its state needs to be changed
-         count = *cell_ptr &gt&gt 1; // # of neighboring on-cells
+         count = *cell_ptr >> 1; // # of neighboring on-cells
-         if (*cell_ptr &amp 0x01) {
+         if (*cell_ptr & 0x01) {
             // Cell is on; turn it off if it doesn’t have
             // 2 or 3 neighbors
-            if ((count != 2) &amp&amp (count != 3)) {
+            if ((count != 2) && (count != 3)) {
                clear_cell(x, y);
                draw_pixel(x, y, OFF_COLOR);
             }
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ void cellmap::next_generation()
          }
          // Advance to the next cell
          cell_ptr++; // advance to the next cell byte
-      } while (++x &lt w);
+      } while (++x < w);
 RowDone:
    }
 }
@@ -294,14 +294,14 @@ void cellmap::init()
    unsigned int x, y, init_length;
 
    // Get the seed; seed randomly if 0 entered
-   cout &lt&lt “Seed (0 for random seed): ”;
+   cout << “Seed (0 for random seed): ”;
-   cin &gt&gt seed;
+   cin >> seed;
    if (seed == 0) seed = (unsigned) time(NULL);
 
    // Randomly initialize the initial cell map to 50% on-pixels
    // (actually generally fewer, because some coordinates will be
    // randomly selected more than once)
-   cout &lt&lt “Initializing...”;
+   cout << “Initializing...”;
    srand(seed);
    init_length = (height * width) / 2;
    do {

18-03.html

@@ -146,43 +146,43 @@ void BuildMaps( void )
   do
     {
     // Current cell states
-    C1 = (x &amp 0x0800) >> 11;
+    C1 = (x & 0x0800) >> 11;
-    C2 = (x &amp 0x0400) >> 10;
+    C2 = (x & 0x0400) >> 10;
-    C3 = (x &amp 0x0200) >> 9;
+    C3 = (x & 0x0200) >> 9;
 
     // Neighbor counts
-    N1 = (x &amp 0x01C0) >> 6;
+    N1 = (x & 0x01C0) >> 6;
-    N2 = (x &amp 0x0038) >> 3;
+    N2 = (x & 0x0038) >> 3;
-    N3 = (x &amp 0x0007);
+    N3 = (x & 0x0007);
 
-    y = x &amp 0x8FFF;  // Preserve all but the next generation states
+    y = x & 0x8FFF;  // Preserve all but the next generation states
 
-    if(  C1 &amp&amp ((N1 + C2 == 2) || (N1 + C2 == 3)) )
+    if(  C1 && ((N1 + C2 == 2) || (N1 + C2 == 3)) )
       {
       y |= 0x4000;
       }
 
-    if( !C1 &amp&amp  (N1 + C2 == 3) )
+    if( !C1 &&  (N1 + C2 == 3) )
       {
       y |= 0x4000;
       }
 
-    if(  C2 &amp&amp ((N2 + C1 + C3 == 2) || (N2 + C1 + C3 == 3)) )
+    if(  C2 && ((N2 + C1 + C3 == 2) || (N2 + C1 + C3 == 3)) )
       {
       y |= 0x2000;
       }
 
-    if( !C2 &amp&amp  (N2 + C1 + C3 == 3) )
+    if( !C2 &&  (N2 + C1 + C3 == 3) )
       {
       y |= 0x2000;
       }
 
-    if(  C3 &amp&amp ((N3 + C2 == 2) || (N3 + C2 == 3)) )
+    if(  C3 && ((N3 + C2 == 2) || (N3 + C2 == 3)) )
       {
       y |= 0x1000;
       }
 
-    if( !C3 &amp&amp  (N3 + C2 == 3) )
+    if( !C3 &&  (N3 + C2 == 3) )
       {
       y |= 0x1000;
       }
@@ -227,58 +227,58 @@ void FirstPass( void )
   printf( “mov  bh,0\n” );
   printf( “add  bx,ax\n” );    // bx = screen offset
 
-  if( ((New ^ Old) &amp 6) == 6 )
+  if( ((New ^ Old) & 6) == 6 )
     {
     printf( “mov  word ptr fs:[bx],0%02x%02xh\n”,
-            (New &amp 2) ? 15 : 0,
+            (New & 2) ? 15 : 0,
-            (New &amp 4) ? 15 : 0 );
+            (New & 4) ? 15 : 0 );
 
-    if( (New ^ Old) &amp 1 )
+    if( (New ^ Old) & 1 )
       {
       printf( “mov  byte ptr fs:[bx+2],%s\n”,
-              (New &amp 1) ? “15” : “dl” );
+              (New & 1) ? “15” : “dl” );
       }
     }
   else
     {
-    if( ((New ^ Old) &amp 3) == 3 )
+    if( ((New ^ Old) & 3) == 3 )
       {
       printf( “mov  word ptr fs:[bx+1],0%02x%02xh\n”,
-              (New &amp 1) ? 15 : 0,
+              (New & 1) ? 15 : 0,
-              (New &amp 2) ? 15 : 0 );
+              (New & 2) ? 15 : 0 );
       }
     else
       {
-      if( (New ^ Old) &amp 2 )
+      if( (New ^ Old) & 2 )
         {
         printf( “mov  byte ptr fs:[bx+1],%s\n”,
-                (New &amp 2) ? “15” : “dl” );
+                (New & 2) ? “15” : “dl” );
         }
 
-      if( (New ^ Old) &amp 1 )
+      if( (New ^ Old) & 1 )
         {
         printf( “mov  byte ptr fs:[bx+2],%s\n”,
-                (New &amp 1) ? “15” : “dl” );
+                (New & 1) ? “15” : “dl” );
         }
       }
 
-    if( (New ^ Old) &amp 4 )
+    if( (New ^ Old) & 4 )
       {
       printf( “mov  byte ptr fs:[bx],%s\n”,
-              (New &amp 4) ? “15” : “dl” );
+              (New & 4) ? “15” : “dl” );
       }
     }
   #endif
 
-  if( (New ^ Old) &amp 4 )  UpDown += (New &amp 4) ? 0x48 : -0x48;
+  if( (New ^ Old) & 4 )  UpDown += (New & 4) ? 0x48 : -0x48;
-  if( (New ^ Old) &amp 2 )  UpDown += (New &amp 2) ? 0x49 : -0x49;
+  if( (New ^ Old) & 2 )  UpDown += (New & 2) ? 0x49 : -0x49;
-  if( (New ^ Old) &amp 1 )  UpDown += (New &amp 1) ? 0x09 : -0x09;
+  if( (New ^ Old) & 1 )  UpDown += (New & 1) ? 0x09 : -0x09;
 
   if( Edge )
     {
     GetUpAndDown();  // ah = row, al = col, cx = up, dx = down
 
-    if( (New ^ Old) &amp 4 )
+    if( (New ^ Old) & 4 )
       {
       printf( “mov  di,%d\n”, WRAPLEFT );      // di = left
       printf( “cmp  al,0\n” );
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ void FirstPass( void )
       printf( “mov  di,%d\n”, LEFT );
       printf( “L%d:\n”, Label );
 
-      if( New &amp 4 )  Op = “inc”;
+      if( New & 4 )  Op = “inc”;
       else           Op = “dec”;
 
       printf( “%s  word ptr [bp+di]\n”, Op );
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ void FirstPass( void )
       printf( “%s  word ptr [bp+di]\n”, Op );
       }
 
-    if( (New ^ Old) &amp 1 )
+    if( (New ^ Old) & 1 )
       {
       printf( “mov  di,%d\n”, WRAPRIGHT );      // di = right
       printf( “cmp  al,%d\n”, (WIDTH - 1) * 3 );
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ void FirstPass( void )
       printf( “mov  di,%d\n”, RIGHT );
       printf( “R%d:\n”, Label );
 
-      if( New &amp 1 )  Op = “add”;
+      if( New & 1 )  Op = “add”;
       else           Op = “sub”;
 
       printf( “%s   word ptr [bp+di],40h\n”, Op );
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ void FirstPass( void )
     }
   else
     {
-    if( (New ^ Old) &amp 4 )
+    if( (New ^ Old) & 4 )
       {
-      if( New &amp 4 )  Op = “inc”;
+      if( New & 4 )  Op = “inc”;
       else           Op = “dec”;
 
       printf( “%s  byte ptr [bp+%d]\n”, Op, LEFT );
@@ -335,9 +335,9 @@ void FirstPass( void )
       printf( “%s  byte ptr [bp+%d]\n”, Op, LOWERLEFT );
       }
 
-    if( (New ^ Old) &amp 1 )
+    if( (New ^ Old) & 1 )
       {
-      if( New &amp 1 )  Op = “add”;
+      if( New & 1 )  Op = “add”;
       else           Op = “sub”;
 
       printf( “%s  word ptr [bp+%d],40h\n”, Op, RIGHT );
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ void SecondPass( void )
   if( Edge )
     {
     // finished with second pass
-    if( New == 7 &amp&amp Old == 0 )
+    if( New == 7 && Old == 0 )
       {
       printf( “cmp  bp,offset DGROUP:ChangeCell\n” );
       printf( “jne  short NotEnd\n” );

18-04.html

@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ void InitCellmap( void )
 
   for( i = j = 0; i < WIDTH * HEIGHT; i++ )
     {
-    if( CellMap[ i ] &amp 0x7000 )
+    if( CellMap[ i ] & 0x7000 )
       {
-      ChangeList1[ j++ ] = (short)&ampCellMap[ i ];
+      ChangeList1[ j++ ] = (short)&CellMap[ i ];
       }
     }
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ void main( void )
   unsigned int seed;
 
   printf( “Seed (0 for random seed): ” );
-  scanf( “%d”, &ampseed );
+  scanf( “%d”, &seed );
   if( seed == 0 )  seed = (unsigned) time(NULL);
   srand( seed );
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void main( void )
 
   InitCellmap();       // randomly initialize cell map
 
-  _bios_timeofday( _TIME_GETCLOCK, &ampstart_time );
+  _bios_timeofday( _TIME_GETCLOCK, &start_time );
 
   do
     {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ void main( void )
   while( !kbhit() );
   #endif
 
-  _bios_timeofday( _TIME_GETCLOCK, &ampend_time );
+  _bios_timeofday( _TIME_GETCLOCK, &end_time );
   end_time -= start_time;
 
   #ifndef NODRAW
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ void enter_display_mode()
    union REGS regset;
 
    regset.x.ax = 0x0013;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 
 /* Text mode mode-set function. */
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ void exit_display_mode()
    union REGS regset;
 
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 
 /* Text display function. Offsets text to non-graphics area of

21-03.html

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 ; Returns checksum in AX.
 ; ECX and ESI destroyed.
 ; All cycle counts assume 32-bit protected mode.
-; Assumes buffer length &gt 0.
+; Assumes buffer length > 0.
 ; Note that timing indicates that the pipe sequence and
 ;  cycle counts shown (based on documented execution rules)
 ;  differ from the actual execution sequence and cycle counts;

21-04.html

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 ; Returns checksum in AX.
 ; High word of EAX, DX, ECX and ESI destroyed.
 ; All cycle counts assume 32-bit protected mode.
-; Assumes buffer length &gt 0.
+; Assumes buffer length > 0.
 
         sub     eax,eax         ;initialize the checksum
         mov     dx,[esi]        ;first word to checksum
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ ckloopend:
 ; Returns checksum in AX.
 ; High word of EAX, BX, EDX, ECX and ESI destroyed.
 ; All cycle counts assume 32-bit protected mode.
-; Assumes buffer length &gt 0.
+; Assumes buffer length > 0.
 
         sub     eax,eax            ;initialize the checksum
         sub     edx,edx            ;prepare for later ORing

21-05.html

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 ; High word of EAX, ECX, EDX, and ESI destroyed.
 ; All cycle counts assume 32-bit protected mode.
 ; Assumes buffer starts on a dword boundary, is a dword multiple
-; in length, and length &gt 0.
+; in length, and length > 0.
 
         sub     eax,eax         ;initialize the checksum
         shr     ecx,1           ;we’ll do two words per loop
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ ckloopend:
 ; High word of EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, and ESI destroyed.
 ; All cycle counts assume 32-bit protected mode.
 ; Assumes buffer starts on a dword boundary, is a dword multiple
-;  in length, and length &gt 0.
+;  in length, and length > 0.
 
         sub     eax,eax          ;initialize the checksum
         shr     ecx,2            ;we’ll do two dwords per loop

23-03.html

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ PanningXInc     dw      1      ;x panning factor
 PanningYInc     dw      0      ;y panning factor
 HPan            db      0      ;horizontal pel panning setting
 PanningStartOffset dw   0      ;start offset adjustment to produce vertical
-                               ; panning &amp coarse horizontal panning
+                               ; panning & coarse horizontal panning
 dseg    ends
 ;
 ; Macro to set indexed register P2 of chip with index register

24-02.html

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ BackgroundLoop:
         TEXT_UP FillPatternVert, FILL_PATTERN_VERT_LENGTH, 15, 42
         TEXT_UP FillPatternHorz, FILL_PATTERN_HORZ_LENGTH, 21, 42
 ;
-; Wait until a key’s been hit to reset screen mode &amp exit.
+; Wait until a key’s been hit to reset screen mode & exit.
 ;
 WaitForKey:
         mov     ah,1

27-02.html

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Start   endp
 ;       DS:SI = pointer to chunky image to draw, as follows:
 ;               word at 0: width of image, in pixels
 ;               word at 2: height of image, in pixels
-;               byte at 4: msb/lsb = first &amp second chunky pixels,
+;               byte at 4: msb/lsb = first & second chunky pixels,
 ;                       repeating for the remainder of the scan line
 ;                       of the image, then for all scan lines. Images
 ;                       with odd widths have an unused null nibble

28-02.html

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ ImagePlane1 db   32*4 dup (?)
 ImagePlane2 db   32*4 dup (?)
 ImagePlane3 db   32*4 dup (?)
 ;
-; Current image location &amp direction.
+; Current image location & direction.
 ;
 ImageX          dw  40           ;in bytes
 ImageY          dw  100          ;in pixels

28-04.html

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ loopVLineLoop
      mov    al,GRAPHICS_MODE
      out    dx,al                 ;point GC Index to Graphics Mode register
      inc    dx                    ;point to GC Data
-     mov    al,00001000b          ;bit 3=1 is read mode 1, bits 1 &amp 0=00
+     mov    al,00001000b          ;bit 3=1 is read mode 1, bits 1 & 0=00
                                   ; is write mode 0
      out    dx,al                 ;set Graphics Mode to read mode 1,
                                   ; write mode 0

28-05.html

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Startprocnear
      inc  dx
      in   al,dx               ;VGA registers are readable, bless them!
      or   al,00001011b        ;bit 3=1 selects read mode 1, and
-                              ; bits 1 &amp 0=11 selects write mode 3
+                              ; bits 1 & 0=11 selects write mode 3
     jmp   $+2                 ;delay between IN and OUT to same port
     out   dx,al
     dec   dx

31-03.html

@@ -86,15 +86,15 @@ LineControl      ends
 ; List of descriptors for lines to draw.
 ;
 LineList      label    LineControl
-      LineControl &lt130,110,1,0,60,0&gt
+      LineControl <130,110,1,0,60,0>
-      LineControl &lt190,110,1,1,60,1&gt
+      LineControl <190,110,1,1,60,1>
-      LineControl &lt250,170,0,1,60,2&gt
+      LineControl <250,170,0,1,60,2>
-      LineControl &lt250,230,-1,1,60,3&gt
+      LineControl <250,230,-1,1,60,3>
-      LineControl &lt190,290,-1,0,60,4&gt
+      LineControl <190,290,-1,0,60,4>
-      LineControl &lt130,290,-1,-1,60,5&gt
+      LineControl <130,290,-1,-1,60,5>
-      LineControl &lt70,230,0,-1,60,6&gt
+      LineControl <70,230,0,-1,60,6>
-      LineControl &lt70,170,1,-1,60,7&gt
+      LineControl <70,170,1,-1,60,7>
-      LineControl &lt-1,0,0,0,0,0&gt
+      LineControl <-1,0,0,0,0,0>
 Data ends
 ;
 ; Macro to output a word value to a port.

32-03.html

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ int Color;                    /* color in which to draw line */
    while ( DeltaX-- ) {
       /* See if it’s time to advance the Y coordinate */
       if ( ErrorTerm >= 0 ) {
-         /* Advance the Y coordinate &amp adjust the error term
+         /* Advance the Y coordinate & adjust the error term
             back down */
          Y0++;
          ErrorTerm += DeltaYx2MinusDeltaXx2;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ int Color;                    /* color in which to draw line */
    while ( DeltaY-- ) {
       /* See if it’s time to advance the X coordinate */
       if ( ErrorTerm >= 0 ) {
-         /* Advance the X coordinate &amp adjust the error term
+         /* Advance the X coordinate & adjust the error term
             back down */
          X0 += XDirection;
          ErrorTerm += DeltaXx2MinusDeltaYx2;
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ void main()
    VectorsUp(X_MAX * 3 / 4, Y_MAX * 3 / 4, X_MAX / 4, Y_MAX / 4, 4);
 
    /* Wait for the enter key to be pressed */
-   scanf(“%c”, &amptemp);
+   scanf(“%c”, &temp);
 
    /* Back to text mode */
    _AX = TEXT_MODE;

35-03.html

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ unsigned int Y0;     /* (0,0) at the upper left of the screen */
 
    /* Generate a mask with a 1 bit in the pixel’s position within the
       screen byte */
-   PixelMask = 0x80 >> ( X0 &amp 0x07 );
+   PixelMask = 0x80 >> ( X0 & 0x07 );
 
    /* Set up the Graphics Controller’s Bit Mask register to allow
       only the bit corresponding to the pixel being drawn to
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ int XDirection;               /* 1 if line is drawn left to right,
    while ( DeltaX— ) {
       /* See if it’s time to advance the Y coordinate */
       if ( ErrorTerm >= 0 ) {
-         /* Advance the Y coordinate &amp adjust the error term
+         /* Advance the Y coordinate & adjust the error term
             back down */
          Y0++;
          ErrorTerm += DeltaYx2MinusDeltaXx2;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ int XDirection;               /* 1 if line is drawn left to right,
    while ( DeltaY— ) {
       /* See if it’s time to advance the X coordinate */
       if ( ErrorTerm >= 0 ) {
-         /* Advance the X coordinate &amp adjust the error term
+         /* Advance the X coordinate & adjust the error term
             back down */
          X0 += XDirection;
          ErrorTerm += DeltaXx2MinusDeltaYx2;

35-04.html

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ void main()
       Y_MAX / 4, 4);
 
    /* Wait for the enter key to be pressed */
-   scanf(“%c”, &amptemp);
+   scanf(“%c”, &temp);
 
    /* Return back to text mode */
    _AX = TEXT_MODE;

35-07.html

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ endif
 ; in this byte when pixel mask wraps.
 ;
 MoveXCoord:
-        add     bp,bx                   ;increment error term &amp keep same
+        add     bp,bx                   ;increment error term & keep same
 if MOVE_LEFT
         rol     ah,1                    ;move pixel mask 1 pixel to the left
 else
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ LINE2   macro   MOVE_LEFT
         sub     bx,si                  ;DeltaX * 2 - DeltaY * 2 (used in loop)
         add     si,bx                  ;DeltaX * 2 (used in loop)
 ;
-; Set up initial bit mask &amp write initial pixel.
+; Set up initial bit mask & write initial pixel.
 ;
         out     dx,al
         xchg    byte ptr [di],ah
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ LineLoop:
 ;
         and     bp,bp                  ;see if error term is negative
         jns     ETermAction            ;no, advance X coordinate
-        add     bp,si                  ;increment error term &amp keep same
+        add     bp,si                  ;increment error term & keep same
         jmp     short MoveYCoord       ; X coordinate
 ETermAction:
 ;

36-01.html

@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@
 <P>Second, when performance matters, never have your code perform the same calculation more than once. This sounds obvious, but it&rsquo;s astonishing how often it&rsquo;s ignored. For example, consider this snippet of code:</P>
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
-for (i=0; i&ltRunLength; i++)
+for (i=0; i&lt;RunLength; i++)
 {
    *WorkingScreenPtr = Color;
-   if (XDelta &gt 0)
+   if (XDelta &gt; 0)
    {
       WorkingScreenPtr++;
    }
@@ -67,16 +67,16 @@ for (i=0; i&ltRunLength; i++)
 </P>
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
-if (XDelta &gt 0)
+if (XDelta &gt; 0)
 {
-   for (i=0; i&ltRunLength; i++)
+   for (i=0; i&lt;RunLength; i++)
    {
       *WorkingScreenPtr++ = Color;
    }
 }
 else
 {
-   for (i=0; i&ltRunLength; i++)
+   for (i=0; i&lt;RunLength; i++)
    {
       *WorkingScreenPtr-- = Color;
    }

36-03.html

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 320x200 256-color mode. Not optimized! Tested with Borland C++ in
 the small model. */
 
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
 
 #define SCREEN_WIDTH    320
 #define SCREEN_SEGMENT  0xA000
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
 
    /* We’ll always draw top to bottom, to reduce the number of cases we have to
    handle, and to make lines between the same endpoints draw the same pixels */
-   if (YStart &gt YEnd) {
+   if (YStart > YEnd) {
       Temp = YStart;
       YStart = YEnd;
       YEnd = Temp;
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
 
    /* Figure out whether we’re going left or right, and how far we’re
       going horizontally */
-   if ((XDelta = XEnd - XStart) &lt 0)
+   if ((XDelta = XEnd - XStart) < 0)
    {
       XAdvance = -1;
       XDelta = -XDelta;
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
    if (XDelta == 0)
    {
       /* Vertical line */
-      for (i=0; i&lt=YDelta; i++)
+      for (i=0; i<=YDelta; i++)
       {
          *ScreenPtr = Color;
          ScreenPtr += SCREEN_WIDTH;
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
    if (YDelta == 0)
    {
       /* Horizontal line */
-      for (i=0; i&lt=XDelta; i++)
+      for (i=0; i<=XDelta; i++)
       {
          *ScreenPtr = Color;
          ScreenPtr += XAdvance;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
    if (XDelta == YDelta)
    {
       /* Diagonal line */
-      for (i=0; i&lt=XDelta; i++)
+      for (i=0; i<=XDelta; i++)
       {
          *ScreenPtr = Color;
          ScreenPtr += XAdvance + SCREEN_WIDTH;
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
    }
 
    /* Determine whether the line is X or Y major, and handle accordingly */
-   if (XDelta &gt= YDelta)
+   if (XDelta >= YDelta)
    {
       /* X major line */
       /* Minimum # of pixels in a run in this line */
@@ -159,35 +159,35 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
          advance, we have one pixel that could go to either the initial
          or last partial run, which we’ll arbitrarily allocate to the
          last run */
-      if ((AdjUp == 0) &amp&amp ((WholeStep &amp 0x01) == 0))
+      if ((AdjUp == 0) && ((WholeStep & 0x01) == 0))
       {
          InitialPixelCount--;
       }
       /* If there’re an odd number of pixels per run, we have 1 pixel that can’t
          be allocated to either the initial or last partial run, so we’ll add 0.5
          to error term so this pixel will be handled by the normal full-run loop */
-         if ((WholeStep &amp 0x01) != 0)
+         if ((WholeStep & 0x01) != 0)
       {
          ErrorTerm += YDelta;
       }
       /* Draw the first, partial run of pixels */
-      DrawHorizontalRun(&ampScreenPtr, XAdvance, InitialPixelCount, Color);
+      DrawHorizontalRun(&ScreenPtr, XAdvance, InitialPixelCount, Color);
       /* Draw all full runs */
-      for (i=0; i&lt(YDelta-1); i++)
+      for (i=0; i<(YDelta-1); i++)
       {
          RunLength = WholeStep;  /* run is at least this long */
          /* Advance the error term and add an extra pixel if the error
             term so indicates */
-         if ((ErrorTerm += AdjUp) &gt 0)
+         if ((ErrorTerm += AdjUp) > 0)
          {
             RunLength++;
             ErrorTerm -= AdjDown;   /* reset the error term */
          }
          /* Draw this scan line’s run */
-         DrawHorizontalRun(&ampScreenPtr, XAdvance, RunLength, Color);
+         DrawHorizontalRun(&ScreenPtr, XAdvance, RunLength, Color);
       }
       /* Draw the final run of pixels */
-      DrawHorizontalRun(&ampScreenPtr, XAdvance, FinalPixelCount, Color);
+      DrawHorizontalRun(&ScreenPtr, XAdvance, FinalPixelCount, Color);
       return;
    }
    else
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
       /* If the basic run length is even and there’s no fractional advance, we
          have 1 pixel that could go to either the initial or last partial run,
          which we’ll arbitrarily allocate to the last run */
-      if ((AdjUp == 0) &amp&amp ((WholeStep &amp 0x01) == 0))
+      if ((AdjUp == 0) && ((WholeStep & 0x01) == 0))
       {
          InitialPixelCount--;
       }
@@ -226,29 +226,29 @@ void LineDraw(int XStart, int YStart, int XEnd, int YEnd, int Color)
          that can’t be allocated to either the initial or last partial
          run, so we’ll add 0.5 to the error term so this pixel will be
          handled by the normal full-run loop */
-      if ((WholeStep &amp 0x01) != 0)
+      if ((WholeStep & 0x01) != 0)
       {
          ErrorTerm += XDelta;
       }
       /* Draw the first, partial run of pixels */
-      DrawVerticalRun(&ampScreenPtr, XAdvance, InitialPixelCount, Color);
+      DrawVerticalRun(&ScreenPtr, XAdvance, InitialPixelCount, Color);
 
       /* Draw all full runs */
-      for (i=0; i&lt(XDelta-1); i++)
+      for (i=0; i<(XDelta-1); i++)
       {
          RunLength = WholeStep;  /* run is at least this long */
          /* Advance the error term and add an extra pixel if the error
             term so indicates */
-         if ((ErrorTerm += AdjUp) &gt 0)
+         if ((ErrorTerm += AdjUp) > 0)
          {
             RunLength++;
             ErrorTerm -= AdjDown;   /* reset the error term */
          }
          /* Draw this scan line’s run */
-         DrawVerticalRun(&ampScreenPtr, XAdvance, RunLength, Color);
+         DrawVerticalRun(&ScreenPtr, XAdvance, RunLength, Color);
       }
       /* Draw the final run of pixels */
-      DrawVerticalRun(&ampScreenPtr, XAdvance, FinalPixelCount, Color);
+      DrawVerticalRun(&ScreenPtr, XAdvance, FinalPixelCount, Color);
       return;
    }
 }
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ void DrawHorizontalRun(char far **ScreenPtr, int XAdvance,
    int i;
    char far *WorkingScreenPtr = *ScreenPtr;
 
-   for (i=0; i&ltRunLength; i++)
+   for (i=0; i<RunLength; i++)
    {
       *WorkingScreenPtr = Color;
       WorkingScreenPtr += XAdvance;
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ void DrawVerticalRun(char far **ScreenPtr, int XAdvance,
    int i;
    char far *WorkingScreenPtr = *ScreenPtr;
 
-   for (i=0; i&ltRunLength; i++)
+   for (i=0; i<RunLength; i++)
    {
       *WorkingScreenPtr = Color;
       WorkingScreenPtr += SCREEN_WIDTH;

36-04.html

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 line-drawing functions coded in LListing L36.1.C.
 Tested with Borland C++ in the small model. */
 
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
 
 #define GRAPHICS_MODE   0x13
 #define TEXT_MODE       0x03
@@ -66,28 +66,28 @@ int Color;              /* color to draw lines in */
    /* lines from center to top of rectangle */
    WorkingX = XCenter - XLength;
    WorkingY = YCenter - YLength;
-   for ( ; WorkingX &lt ( XCenter + XLength ); WorkingX++ )
+   for ( ; WorkingX < ( XCenter + XLength ); WorkingX++ )
    {
       LineDraw(XCenter, YCenter, WorkingX, WorkingY, Color);
    }
    /* lines from center to right of rectangle */
    WorkingX = XCenter + XLength - 1;
    WorkingY = YCenter - YLength;
-   for ( ; WorkingY &lt ( YCenter + YLength ); WorkingY++ )
+   for ( ; WorkingY < ( YCenter + YLength ); WorkingY++ )
    {
       LineDraw(XCenter, YCenter, WorkingX, WorkingY, Color);
    }
    /* lines from center to bottom of rectangle */
    WorkingX = XCenter + XLength - 1;
    WorkingY = YCenter + YLength - 1;
-   for ( ; WorkingX &gt= ( XCenter - XLength ); WorkingX-- )
+   for ( ; WorkingX >= ( XCenter - XLength ); WorkingX-- )
    {
       LineDraw(XCenter, YCenter, WorkingX, WorkingY, Color);
    }
    /* lines from center to left of rectangle */
    WorkingX = XCenter - XLength;
    WorkingY = YCenter + YLength - 1;
-   for ( ; WorkingY &gt= ( YCenter - YLength ); WorkingY-- )
+   for ( ; WorkingY >= ( YCenter - YLength ); WorkingY-- )
    {
       LineDraw(XCenter, YCenter, WorkingX, WorkingY, Color);
    }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ int main()
 
    /* Set graphics mode */
    regs.x.ax = GRAPHICS_MODE;
-   int86(BIOS_VIDEO_INT, &ampregs, &ampregs);
+   int86(BIOS_VIDEO_INT, &regs, &regs);
 
    /* Draw each of four rectangles full of vectors */
    VectorsUp(X_MAX / 4, Y_MAX / 4, X_MAX / 4, Y_MAX / 4, 1);
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ int main()
 
    /* Return back to text mode */
    regs.x.ax = TEXT_MODE;
-   int86(BIOS_VIDEO_INT, &ampregs, &ampregs);
+   int86(BIOS_VIDEO_INT, &regs, &regs);
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

38-02.html

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     the polygon at any point would cross exactly two active edges
     (neither horizontal lines nor zero-length edges count as active
     edges; both are acceptable anywhere in the polygon), and that the
-    right &amp left edges never cross. (It’s OK for them to touch, though,
+    right & left edges never cross. (It’s OK for them to touch, though,
     so long as the right edge never crosses over to the left of the
     left edge.) Nonconvex polygons won’t be drawn properly. Returns 1
     for success, 0 if memory allocation failed. */
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
        ScanEdge(VertexPtr[PreviousIndex].X + XOffset,
              VertexPtr[PreviousIndex].Y,
              VertexPtr[CurrentIndex].X + XOffset,
-             VertexPtr[CurrentIndex].Y, 1, SkipFirst, &ampEdgePointPtr);
+             VertexPtr[CurrentIndex].Y, 1, SkipFirst, &EdgePointPtr);
        PreviousIndex = CurrentIndex;
        SkipFirst = 0; /* scan convert the first point from now on */
     } while (CurrentIndex != MaxIndex);
@@ -218,13 +218,13 @@
        ScanEdge(VertexPtr[PreviousIndex].X + XOffset - 1,
              VertexPtr[PreviousIndex].Y,
              VertexPtr[CurrentIndex].X + XOffset - 1,
-             VertexPtr[CurrentIndex].Y, 0, SkipFirst, &ampEdgePointPtr);
+             VertexPtr[CurrentIndex].Y, 0, SkipFirst, &EdgePointPtr);
        PreviousIndex = CurrentIndex;
        SkipFirst = 0; /* scan convert the first point from now on */
     } while (CurrentIndex != MaxIndex);
 
     /* Draw the line list representing the scan converted polygon */
-    DrawHorizontalLineList(&ampWorkingHLineList, Color);
+    DrawHorizontalLineList(&WorkingHLineList, Color);
 
     /* Release the line list’s memory and we’re successfully done */
     free(WorkingHLineList.HLinePtr);

38-03.html

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
  #define DRAW_POLYGON(PointList,Color,X,Y)                   \
     Polygon.Length = sizeof(PointList)/sizeof(struct Point); \
     Polygon.PointPtr = PointList;                            \
-    FillConvexPolygon(&ampPolygon, Color, X, Y);
+    FillConvexPolygon(&Polygon, Color, X, Y);
    
  void main(void);
  extern int FillConvexPolygon(struct PointListHeader *, int, int, int);
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
     regset.x.ax = 0x0013;   /* AH = 0 selects mode set function,
                                AL = 0x13 selects mode 0x13
                                when set as parameters for INT 0x10 */
-    int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+    int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 
     /* Clear the screen to cyan */
     DRAW_POLYGON(ScreenRectangle, 3, 0, 0);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
 
     /* Return to text mode and exit */
     regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* AL = 3 selects 80x25 text mode */
-    int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+    int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
  }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

39-02.html

@@ -54,27 +54,27 @@
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">11.69
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">5.80 seconds<BR>(50% of total)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">5.86<BR>(50%)
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.03<BR>(&lt1%)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.03<BR>(&lt;1%)
 <TR>
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">C floating point scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1, compact model)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">6.64
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.49<BR>(7%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">6.11<BR>(92%)
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.04<BR>(&lt1%)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.04<BR>(&lt;1%)
 <TR>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 &amp Listing 39.2, compact model)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 &amp; Listing 39.2, compact model)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.60
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.49<BR>(82%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.07<BR>(12%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.04<BR>(7%)
 <TR>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">C integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.2 &amp Listing 39.3, small model)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">C integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.2 &amp; Listing 39.3, small model)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.45
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.36<BR>(80%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.06<BR>(13%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.03<BR>(7%)
 <TR>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 40.3 &amp Listing 40.4,small model)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 40.3 &amp; Listing 40.4,small model)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.42
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.36<BR>(86%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.03<BR>(7%)
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@
 <TR>
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT" COLSPAN="5"><SMALL>Drawing to system memory</SMALL>
 <TR>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 &amp Listing 39.2,compact model)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 &amp; Listing 39.2,compact model)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.31
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.20<BR>(65%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.07<BR>(23%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.04<BR>(13%)
 <TR>
-<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.3 &amp Listing 39.4,small model)
+<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.3 &amp; Listing 39.4,small model)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.13
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.07<BR>(54%)
 <TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">0.03<BR>(23%)
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
    running in real mode or 286 protected mode.
    All C code tested with Borland C++. */
 
-#include &ltstring.h&gt
+#include &lt;string.h&gt;
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include &lt;dos.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;polygon.h&rdquo;
 
 #define SCREEN_WIDTH    320
@@ -129,18 +129,18 @@ void DrawHorizontalLineList(struct HLineList * HLineListPtr,
 
    /* Point to the start of the first scan line on which to draw */
    ScreenPtr = MK_FP(SCREEN_SEGMENT,
-         HLineListPtr-&gtYStart * SCREEN_WIDTH);
+         HLineListPtr-&gt;YStart * SCREEN_WIDTH);
 
    /* Point to the XStart/XEnd descriptor for the first (top)
       horizontal line */
-   HLinePtr = HLineListPtr-&gtHLinePtr;
+   HLinePtr = HLineListPtr-&gt;HLinePtr;
    /* Draw each horizontal line in turn, starting with the top one and
       advancing one line each time */
-   Length = HLineListPtr-&gtLength;
+   Length = HLineListPtr-&gt;Length;
-   while (Length-- &gt 0) {
+   while (Length-- &gt; 0) {
       /* Draw the whole horizontal line if it has a positive width */
-      if ((Width = HLinePtr-&gtXEnd - HLinePtr-&gtXStart + 1) &gt 0)
+      if ((Width = HLinePtr-&gt;XEnd - HLinePtr-&gt;XStart + 1) &gt; 0)
-         memset(ScreenPtr + HLinePtr-&gtXStart, Color, Width);
+         memset(ScreenPtr + HLinePtr-&gt;XStart, Color, Width);
       HLinePtr++;                /* point to next scan line X info */
       ScreenPtr += SCREEN_WIDTH; /* point to next scan line start */
    }

39-03.html

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
    scanned edge is chosen. Uses an all-integer approach for speed and
    precision. */
 
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include <math.h>
 #include “polygon.h”
 
 void ScanEdge(int X1, int Y1, int X2, int Y2, int SetXStart,
@@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ void ScanEdge(int X1, int Y1, int X2, int Y2, int SetXStart,
    struct HLine *WorkingEdgePointPtr;
 
    WorkingEdgePointPtr = *EdgePointPtr; /* avoid double dereference */
-   AdvanceAmt = ((DeltaX = X2 - X1) &gt 0) ? 1 : -1;
+   AdvanceAmt = ((DeltaX = X2 - X1) > 0) ? 1 : -1;
                             /* direction in which X moves (Y2 is
-                               always &gt Y1, so Y always counts up) */
+                               always > Y1, so Y always counts up) */
 
-   if ((Height = Y2 - Y1) &lt= 0)  /* Y length of the edge */
+   if ((Height = Y2 - Y1) <= 0)  /* Y length of the edge */
       return;     /* guard against 0-length and horizontal edges */
 
    /* Figure out whether the edge is vertical, diagonal, X-major
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ void ScanEdge(int X1, int Y1, int X2, int Y2, int SetXStart,
       /* The edge is vertical; special-case by just storing the same
          X coordinate for every scan line */
       /* Scan the edge for each scan line in turn */
-      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- &gt 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
+      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- > 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
          /* Store the X coordinate in the appropriate edge list */
          if (SetXStart == 1)
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXStart = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XStart = X1;
          else
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXEnd = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XEnd = X1;
       }
    } else if (Width == Height) {
       /* The edge is diagonal; special-case by advancing the X
@@ -87,36 +87,36 @@ void ScanEdge(int X1, int Y1, int X2, int Y2, int SetXStart,
       if (SkipFirst) /* skip the first point if so indicated */
          X1 += AdvanceAmt; /* move 1 pixel to the left or right */
       /* Scan the edge for each scan line in turn */
-      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- &gt 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
+      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- > 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
          /* Store the X coordinate in the appropriate edge list */
          if (SetXStart == 1)
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXStart = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XStart = X1;
          else
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXEnd = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XEnd = X1;
          X1 += AdvanceAmt; /* move 1 pixel to the left or right */
       }
-   } else if (Height &gt Width) {
+   } else if (Height > Width) {
       /* Edge is closer to vertical than horizontal (Y-major) */
-      if (DeltaX &gt= 0)
+      if (DeltaX >= 0)
-         ErrorTerm = 0; /* initial error term going left-&gtright */
+         ErrorTerm = 0; /* initial error term going left->right */
       else
-         ErrorTerm = -Height + 1;   /* going right-&gtleft */
+         ErrorTerm = -Height + 1;   /* going right->left */
       if (SkipFirst) {   /* skip the first point if so indicated */
          /* Determine whether it’s time for the X coord to advance */
-         if ((ErrorTerm += Width) &gt 0) {
+         if ((ErrorTerm += Width) > 0) {
             X1 += AdvanceAmt; /* move 1 pixel to the left or right */
             ErrorTerm -= Height; /* advance ErrorTerm to next point */
          }
       }
       /* Scan the edge for each scan line in turn */
-      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- &gt 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
+      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- > 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
          /* Store the X coordinate in the appropriate edge list */
          if (SetXStart == 1)
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXStart = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XStart = X1;
          else
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXEnd = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XEnd = X1;
          /* Determine whether it’s time for the X coord to advance */
-         if ((ErrorTerm += Width) &gt 0) {
+         if ((ErrorTerm += Width) > 0) {
             X1 += AdvanceAmt; /* move 1 pixel to the left or right */
             ErrorTerm -= Height; /* advance ErrorTerm to correspond */
          }
@@ -127,28 +127,28 @@ void ScanEdge(int X1, int Y1, int X2, int Y2, int SetXStart,
       XMajorAdvanceAmt = (Width / Height) * AdvanceAmt;
       /* Error term advance for deciding when to advance X 1 extra */
       ErrorTermAdvance = Width % Height;
-      if (DeltaX &gt= 0)
+      if (DeltaX >= 0)
-         ErrorTerm = 0; /* initial error term going left-&gtright */
+         ErrorTerm = 0; /* initial error term going left->right */
       else
-         ErrorTerm = -Height + 1;   /* going right-&gtleft */
+         ErrorTerm = -Height + 1;   /* going right->left */
       if (SkipFirst) {   /* skip the first point if so indicated */
          X1 += XMajorAdvanceAmt;    /* move X minimum distance */
          /* Determine whether it’s time for X to advance one extra */
-         if ((ErrorTerm += ErrorTermAdvance) &gt 0) {
+         if ((ErrorTerm += ErrorTermAdvance) > 0) {
             X1 += AdvanceAmt;       /* move X one more */
             ErrorTerm -= Height; /* advance ErrorTerm to correspond */
          }
       }
       /* Scan the edge for each scan line in turn */
-      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- &gt 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
+      for (i = Height - SkipFirst; i-- > 0; WorkingEdgePointPtr++) {
          /* Store the X coordinate in the appropriate edge list */
          if (SetXStart == 1)
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXStart = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XStart = X1;
          else
-            WorkingEdgePointPtr-&gtXEnd = X1;
+            WorkingEdgePointPtr->XEnd = X1;
          X1 += XMajorAdvanceAmt;    /* move X minimum distance */
          /* Determine whether it’s time for X to advance one extra */
-         if ((ErrorTerm += ErrorTermAdvance) &gt 0) {
+         if ((ErrorTerm += ErrorTermAdvance) > 0) {
             X1 += AdvanceAmt;       /* move X one more */
             ErrorTerm -= Height; /* advance ErrorTerm to correspond */
          }

39-04.html

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ HLinePtr      dw   ?          ;pointer to list of horz lines
 HLineList     ends
 
 Parms struc
-              dw   2 dup(?)   ;return address &amp pushed BP
+              dw   2 dup(?)   ;return address & pushed BP
 HLineListPtr  dw   ?          ;pointer to HLineList structure
 Color         dw   ?          ;color with which to fill
 Parms         ends

39-05.html

@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@
 ; point at (X2,Y2). If SkipFirst == 1, the point at (X1,Y1) isn’t
 ; drawn; if SkipFirst == 0, it is. For each scan line, the pixel
 ; closest to the scanned edge without being to the left of the scanned
-; edge is chosen. Uses an all-integer approach for speed &amp precision.
+; edge is chosen. Uses an all-integer approach for speed & precision.
 ; C near-callable as:
 ;    void ScanEdge(int X1, int Y1, int X2, int Y2, int SetXStart,
 ;     int SkipFirst, struct HLine **EdgePointPtr);
-; Edges must not go bottom to top; that is, Y1 must be &lt= Y2.
+; Edges must not go bottom to top; that is, Y1 must be <= Y2.
 ; Updates the pointer pointed to by EdgePointPtr to point to the next
 ;  free entry in the array of HLine structures.
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ XEnd            dw     ?           ;X coordinate of rightmost pixel in scan line
 HLine   ends
 
 Parms   struc
-                dw     2 dup(?)    ;return address &amp pushed BP
+                dw     2 dup(?)    ;return address & pushed BP
 X1              dw     ?           ;X start coord of edge
 Y1              dw     ?           ;Y start coord of edge
 X2              dw     ?           ;X end coord of edge
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ _ScanEdge   proc
 HLinePtrSet:
         mov   bx,[bp+Y2]
         sub   bx,[bp+Y1]           ;edge height
-        jle   ToScanEdgeExit       ;guard against 0-length &amp horz edges
+        jle   ToScanEdgeExit       ;guard against 0-length & horz edges
         mov   [bp+Height],bx       ;Height = Y2 - Y1
         sub   cx,cx                ;assume ErrorTerm starts at 0 (true if
                                    ; we’re moving right as we draw)
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ HLinePtrSet:
         mov   ax,[bp+X2]
         sub   ax,[bp+X1]           ;DeltaX = X2 - X1
         jz    IsVertical           ;it’s a vertical edge--special case it
-        jns   SetAdvanceAmt        ;DeltaX &gt= 0
+        jns   SetAdvanceAmt        ;DeltaX >= 0
-        mov   cx,1                 ;DeltaX &lt 0 (move left as we draw)
+        mov   cx,1                 ;DeltaX < 0 (move left as we draw)
         sub   cx,bx                ;ErrorTerm = -Height + 1
         neg   dx                   ;AdvanceAmt = -1 (move left)
         neg   ax                   ;Width = abs(DeltaX)

42-03.html

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ void main()
    getch();                /* wait for a key press */
 
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* AL = 3 selects 80x25 text mode */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);   /* return to text mode */
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);   /* return to text mode */
 }
 
 /* Sets up the palette for antialiasing with the specified colors.
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ void SetPalette(struct WuColor * WColors)
       regset.x.dx = (unsigned int)PaletteBlock; /* offset of array from which
                                                    to load RGB settings */
       sregset.es = _DS; /* segment of array from which to load settings */
-      int86x(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset, &ampsregset); /* load the palette block */
+      int86x(0x10, &regset, &regset, &sregset); /* load the palette block */
    }
 }
 </PRE>
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ void SetMode()
 
    /* Set to 320x200 256-color graphics mode */
    regset.x.ax = 0x0013;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &amp;regset, &amp;regset);
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

42-04.html

@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ void DrawLine(int X0, int Y0, int X1, int Y1, int Color)
       /* Draw all pixels between the first and last */
       do {
          ErrorAcc += ErrorAdj;      /* calculate error for this pixel */
-         if (ErrorAcc &amp ~0xFFFFL) {
+         if (ErrorAcc & ~0xFFFFL) {
             /* The error accumulator turned over, so advance the X coord */
             X0 += XDir;
-            ErrorAcc &amp= 0xFFFFL;    /* clear integer part of result */
+            ErrorAcc &= 0xFFFFL;    /* clear integer part of result */
          }
          Y0++;                      /* Y-major, so always advance Y */
          DrawPixel(X0, Y0, Color);
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ void DrawLine(int X0, int Y0, int X1, int Y1, int Color)
    /* Draw all remaining pixels */
    do {
       ErrorAcc += ErrorAdj;      /* calculate error for this pixel */
-      if (ErrorAcc &amp ~0xFFFFL) {
+      if (ErrorAcc & ~0xFFFFL) {
          /* The error accumulator turned over, so advance the Y coord */
          Y0++;
-         ErrorAcc &amp= 0xFFFFL;    /* clear integer part of result */
+         ErrorAcc &= 0xFFFFL;    /* clear integer part of result */
       }
       X0 += XDir;                /* X-major, so always advance X */
       DrawPixel(X0, Y0, Color);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void SetMode()
 
    /* Set to 640x480 256-color graphics mode */
    regset.x.ax = 0x002E;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

43-03.html

@@ -117,19 +117,19 @@ Data segment    word ‘DATA’
 Colors  db      000h    ;background color=black
         db      03ch    ;plane 0 only=red
         db      03ah    ;plane 1 only=green
-        db      03ch    ;planes 0&amp1=red (plane 0 priority)
+        db      03ch    ;planes 0&1=red (plane 0 priority)
         db      039h    ;plane 2 only=blue
-        db      03ch    ;planes 0&amp2=red (plane 0 priority)
+        db      03ch    ;planes 0&2=red (plane 0 priority)
-        db      03ah    ;planes 1&amp2=green (plane 1 priority)
+        db      03ah    ;planes 1&2=green (plane 1 priority)
-        db      03ch    ;planes 0&amp1&amp2=red (plane 0 priority)
+        db      03ch    ;planes 0&1&2=red (plane 0 priority)
         db      03fh    ;plane 3 only=white
-        db      03ch    ;planes 0&amp3=red (plane 0 priority)
+        db      03ch    ;planes 0&3=red (plane 0 priority)
-        db      03ah    ;planes 1&amp3=green (plane 1 priority)
+        db      03ah    ;planes 1&3=green (plane 1 priority)
-        db      03ch    ;planes 0&amp1&amp3=red (plane 0 priority)
+        db      03ch    ;planes 0&1&3=red (plane 0 priority)
-        db      039h    ;planes 2&amp3=blue (plane 2 priority)
+        db      039h    ;planes 2&3=blue (plane 2 priority)
-        db      03ch    ;planes 0&amp2&amp3=red (plane 0 priority)
+        db      03ch    ;planes 0&2&3=red (plane 0 priority)
-        db      03ah    ;planes 1&amp2&amp3=green (plane 1 priority)
+        db      03ah    ;planes 1&2&3=green (plane 1 priority)
-        db      03ch    ;planes 0&amp1&amp2&amp3=red (plane 0 priority)
+        db      03ch    ;planes 0&1&2&3=red (plane 0 priority)
         db      000h    ;border color=black
 ;
 ; Image of a hollow square.
@@ -234,19 +234,19 @@ Diamond label byte
 even;word-align for better 286 performance
 ;
 ObjectListlabelObjectStructure
- ObjectStructure &lt1,21,Diamond,88,8,80,512,16,0,0,350,RED&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,21,Diamond,88,8,80,512,16,0,0,350,RED>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,15,Square,296,8,112,480,144,0,0,350,RED&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,15,Square,296,8,112,480,144,0,0,350,RED>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,23,Diamond,88,8,80,512,256,0,0,350,RED&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,23,Diamond,88,8,80,512,256,0,0,350,RED>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,13,Square,120,0,0,640,144,4,0,280,BLUE&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,13,Square,120,0,0,640,144,4,0,280,BLUE>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,11,Diamond,208,0,0,640,144,4,0,280,BLUE&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,11,Diamond,208,0,0,640,144,4,0,280,BLUE>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,8,Square,296,0,0,640,144,4,0,288,BLUE&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,8,Square,296,0,0,640,144,4,0,288,BLUE>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,9,Diamond,384,0,0,640,144,4,0,288,BLUE&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,9,Diamond,384,0,0,640,144,4,0,288,BLUE>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,14,Square,472,0,0,640,144,4,0,280,BLUE&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,14,Square,472,0,0,640,144,4,0,280,BLUE>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,8,Diamond,200,8,0,576,48,6,0,280,GREEN&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,8,Diamond,200,8,0,576,48,6,0,280,GREEN>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,8,Square,248,8,0,576,96,6,0,280,GREEN&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,8,Square,248,8,0,576,96,6,0,280,GREEN>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,8,Diamond,296,8,0,576,144,6,0,280,GREEN&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,8,Diamond,296,8,0,576,144,6,0,280,GREEN>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,8,Square,344,8,0,576,192,6,0,280,GREEN&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,8,Square,344,8,0,576,192,6,0,280,GREEN>
- ObjectStructure &lt1,8,Diamond,392,8,0,576,240,6,0,280,GREEN&gt
+ ObjectStructure <1,8,Diamond,392,8,0,576,240,6,0,280,GREEN>
 ObjectListEndlabelObjectStructure
 ;
 Dataends
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ Start   proc    near
         int     10h             ;BIOS video interrupt
 ;
 ; Set the palette up to provide bit-plane precedence. If
-; planes 0 &amp 1 overlap, the plane 0 color will be shown;
+; planes 0 & 1 overlap, the plane 0 color will be shown;
-; if planes 1 &amp 2 overlap, the plane 1 color will be
+; if planes 1 & 2 overlap, the plane 1 color will be
 ; shown; and so on.
 ;
         mov  ax,(10h shl 8) + 2      ;AH = 10h means
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ CheckXRightLimit:
         neg     [bx+XInc]               ;yes-reverse
 SetNewX:
         add     cx,[bx+XInc]            ;move the X coord
-        mov     [bx+XCoord],cx          ; &amp save it
+        mov     [bx+XCoord],cx          ; & save it
 ;
 ; Advance the Y coordinate, reversing direction if either
 ; of the Y margins has been reached.
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ CheckYBottomLimit:
         neg     [bx+YInc]    ;yes-reverse
 SetNewY:
         add     dx,[bx+YInc]    ;move the Y coord
-        mov     [bx+YCoord],dx    ; &amp save it
+        mov     [bx+YCoord],dx    ; & save it
 ;
 ; Draw at the new location. Because of the plane select
 ; above, only one plane will be affected.
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ CheckKey:
         int     16h             ;is a key waiting?
         jz      AnimationLoop   ;no
         sub     ah,ah
-        int     16h             ;yes-clear the key &amp done
+        int     16h             ;yes-clear the key & done
 ;
 ; Back to text mode.
 ;

44-02.html

@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ top portion of the screen while displaying non-page flipped
 information in the split screen at the bottom of the screen.
 Compiled with Borland C++ in C compilation mode. */
 
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include <math.h>
 
 #define SCREEN-SEG         0xA000
 #define SCREEN-PIXWIDTH    640   /* in pixels */
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ image BouncerRotation4 = {3, 20, -BouncerRotation4};
 /* Initial settings for bouncing object. Only 2 rotations are needed
    because the object moves 4 pixels horizontally at a time */
 bouncer Bouncer = {156,60,20,20,4,4,156,156,60,60,BOUNCER-COLOR,
-   &ampBouncerRotation0,NULL,NULL,NULL,&ampBouncerRotation4,NULL,NULL,NULL};
+   &BouncerRotation0,NULL,NULL,NULL,&BouncerRotation4,NULL,NULL,NULL};
 unsigned int PageStartOffsets[2] =
    {PAGE0-START-OFFSET,PAGE1-START-OFFSET};
 unsigned int BounceCount;
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ void main() {
    union REGS regset;
 
    regset.x.ax = 0x0012; /* set display to 640x480 16-color mode */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
    SetBIOS8x8Font();    /* set the pointer to the BIOS 8x8 font */
    EnableSplitScreen(); /* turn on the split screen */
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ void main() {
    ShowPage(PageStartOffsets[DisplayedPage = 0]);
 
    /* Clear both pages to background and draw bumpers in each page */
-   for (i=0; i&lt2; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i<2; i++) {
       DrawRect(0,0,SCREEN-PIXWIDTH-1,NONSPLIT-LINES-1,BACK-COLOR,
             PageStartOffsets[i],SCREEN-SEG);
       DrawBumperList(Bumpers,NUM-BUMPERS,PageStartOffsets[i]);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ void main() {
    ShowBounceCount();   /* put up the initial zero count */
 
    /* Draw the bouncing object at its initial location */
-   DrawImage(Bouncer.LeftX,Bouncer.TopY,&ampBouncer.Rotation0,
+   DrawImage(Bouncer.LeftX,Bouncer.TopY,&Bouncer.Rotation0,
          Bouncer.Color,PageStartOffsets[DisplayedPage],SCREEN-SEG);
 
    /* Move the object, draw it in the nondisplayed page, and flip the
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ void main() {
             Bouncer.CurrentY[NonDisplayedPage]+Bouncer.Height-1,
             BACK-COLOR,PageStartOffsets[NonDisplayedPage],SCREEN-SEG);
       /* Move the bouncer */
-      MoveBouncer(&ampBouncer, Bumpers, NUM-BUMPERS);
+      MoveBouncer(&Bouncer, Bumpers, NUM-BUMPERS);
       /* Draw at the new location in the nondisplayed page */
-      DrawImage(Bouncer.LeftX,Bouncer.TopY,&ampBouncer.Rotation0,
+      DrawImage(Bouncer.LeftX,Bouncer.TopY,&Bouncer.Rotation0,
             Bouncer.Color,PageStartOffsets[NonDisplayedPage],
             SCREEN-SEG);
       /* Remember where the bouncer is in the nondisplayed page */
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ void main() {
 
    /* Restore text mode and done */
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 
 /* Draws the specified list of bumpers into the specified page */
@@ -229,9 +229,9 @@ void DrawBumperList(bumper * Bumpers, int NumBumpers,
 {
    int i;
 
-   for (i=0; i&ltNumBumpers; i++,Bumpers++) {
+   for (i=0; i<NumBumpers; i++,Bumpers++) {
-      DrawRect(Bumpers-&gtLeftX,Bumpers-&gtTopY,Bumpers-&gtRightX,
+      DrawRect(Bumpers->LeftX,Bumpers->TopY,Bumpers->RightX,
-            Bumpers-&gtBottomY,Bumpers-&gtColor,PageStartOffset,
+            Bumpers->BottomY,Bumpers->Color,PageStartOffset,
             SCREEN-SEG);
    }
 }
@@ -271,13 +271,13 @@ void DrawSplitScreen() {
    Overflow register, and bit 9 is in the Maximum Scan Line reg) */
 void EnableSplitScreen() {
    outp(CRTC-INDEX, LINE-COMPARE);
-   outp(CRTC-DATA, (SPLIT-START-LINE - 1) &amp 0xFF);
+   outp(CRTC-DATA, (SPLIT-START-LINE - 1) & 0xFF);
    outp(CRTC-INDEX, OVERFLOW);
-   outp(CRTC-DATA, (((((SPLIT-START-LINE - 1) &amp 0x100) &gt&gt 8) &lt&lt 4) |
+   outp(CRTC-DATA, (((((SPLIT-START-LINE - 1) & 0x100) >> 8) << 4) |
-         (inp(CRTC-DATA) &amp ~0x10)));
+         (inp(CRTC-DATA) & ~0x10)));
    outp(CRTC-INDEX, MAX-SCAN);
-   outp(CRTC-DATA, (((((SPLIT-START-LINE - 1) &amp 0x200) &gt&gt 9) &lt&lt 6) |
+   outp(CRTC-DATA, (((((SPLIT-START-LINE - 1) & 0x200) >> 9) << 6) |
-         (inp(CRTC-DATA) &amp ~0x40)));
+         (inp(CRTC-DATA) & ~0x40)));
 }
 
 /* Moves the bouncer, bouncing if bumpers are hit */
@@ -285,37 +285,37 @@ void MoveBouncer(bouncer *Bouncer, bumper *BumperPtr, int NumBumpers) {
    int NewLeftX, NewTopY, NewRightX, NewBottomY, i;
 
    /* Move to new location, bouncing if necessary */
-   NewLeftX = Bouncer-&gtLeftX + Bouncer-&gtDirX;   /* new coords */
+   NewLeftX = Bouncer->LeftX + Bouncer->DirX;   /* new coords */
-   NewTopY = Bouncer-&gtTopY + Bouncer-&gtDirY;
+   NewTopY = Bouncer->TopY + Bouncer->DirY;
-   NewRightX = NewLeftX + Bouncer-&gtWidth - 1;
+   NewRightX = NewLeftX + Bouncer->Width - 1;
-   NewBottomY = NewTopY + Bouncer-&gtHeight - 1;
+   NewBottomY = NewTopY + Bouncer->Height - 1;
    /* Compare the new location to all bumpers, checking for bounce */
-   for (i=0; i&ltNumBumpers; i++,BumperPtr++) {
+   for (i=0; i<NumBumpers; i++,BumperPtr++) {
       /* If moving puts the bouncer inside this bumper, bounce */
-      if (  (NewLeftX &lt= BumperPtr-&gtRightX) &amp&amp
+      if (  (NewLeftX <= BumperPtr->RightX) &&
-            (NewRightX &gt= BumperPtr-&gtLeftX) &amp&amp
+            (NewRightX >= BumperPtr->LeftX) &&
-            (NewTopY &lt= BumperPtr-&gtBottomY) &amp&amp
+            (NewTopY <= BumperPtr->BottomY) &&
-            (NewBottomY &gt= BumperPtr-&gtTopY) ) {
+            (NewBottomY >= BumperPtr->TopY) ) {
          /* The bouncer has tried to move into this bumper; figure
             out which edge(s) it crossed, and bounce accordingly */
-         if (((Bouncer-&gtLeftX &gt BumperPtr-&gtRightX) &amp&amp
+         if (((Bouncer->LeftX > BumperPtr->RightX) &&
-               (NewLeftX &lt= BumperPtr-&gtRightX)) ||
+               (NewLeftX <= BumperPtr->RightX)) ||
-               (((Bouncer-&gtLeftX + Bouncer-&gtWidth - 1) &lt
+               (((Bouncer->LeftX + Bouncer->Width - 1) <
-               BumperPtr-&gtLeftX) &amp&amp
+               BumperPtr->LeftX) &&
-               (NewRightX &gt= BumperPtr-&gtLeftX))) {
+               (NewRightX >= BumperPtr->LeftX))) {
-            Bouncer-&gtDirX = -Bouncer-&gtDirX;  /* bounce horizontally */
+            Bouncer->DirX = -Bouncer->DirX;  /* bounce horizontally */
-            NewLeftX = Bouncer-&gtLeftX + Bouncer-&gtDirX;
+            NewLeftX = Bouncer->LeftX + Bouncer->DirX;
          }
-         if (((Bouncer-&gtTopY &gt BumperPtr-&gtBottomY) &amp&amp
+         if (((Bouncer->TopY > BumperPtr->BottomY) &&
-               (NewTopY &lt= BumperPtr-&gtBottomY)) ||
+               (NewTopY <= BumperPtr->BottomY)) ||
-               (((Bouncer-&gtTopY + Bouncer-&gtHeight - 1) &lt
+               (((Bouncer->TopY + Bouncer->Height - 1) <
-               BumperPtr-&gtTopY) &amp&amp
+               BumperPtr->TopY) &&
-               (NewBottomY &gt= BumperPtr-&gtTopY))) {
+               (NewBottomY >= BumperPtr->TopY))) {
-            Bouncer-&gtDirY = -Bouncer-&gtDirY; /* bounce vertically */
+            Bouncer->DirY = -Bouncer->DirY; /* bounce vertically */
-            NewTopY = Bouncer-&gtTopY + Bouncer-&gtDirY;
+            NewTopY = Bouncer->TopY + Bouncer->DirY;
          }
          /* Update the bounce count display; turn over at 10000 */
-         if (++BounceCount &gt= 10000) {
+         if (++BounceCount >= 10000) {
             TextUp(“0    ”,344,64,SPLIT-START-OFFSET,SCREEN-SEG);
             BounceCount = 0;
          } else {
@@ -323,8 +323,8 @@ void MoveBouncer(bouncer *Bouncer, bumper *BumperPtr, int NumBumpers) {
          }
       }
    }
-   Bouncer-&gtLeftX = NewLeftX; /* set the final new coordinates */
+   Bouncer->LeftX = NewLeftX; /* set the final new coordinates */
-   Bouncer-&gtTopY = NewTopY;
+   Bouncer->TopY = NewTopY;
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

45-03.html

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ void main()
    }
    /* Set 320x200 256-color graphics mode */
    regs.x.ax = 0x0013;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregs, &ampregs);
+   int86(0x10, &regs, &regs);
 
    /* Loop and draw until a key is pressed */
    do {
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ void main()
    getch();    /* clear the keypress */
    /* Back to text mode */
    regs.x.ax = 0x0003;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregs, &ampregs);
+   int86(0x10, &regs, &regs);
 }
 /* Draw entities at current locations, updating dirty rectangle list. */
 void DrawEntities()

45-04.html

@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ void Set640x400()
 
    /* First, set to standard 640x350 mode (mode 10h) */
    regset.x.ax = 0x0010;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 
-   /* Modify the sync polarity bits (bits 7 &amp 6) of the
+   /* Modify the sync polarity bits (bits 7 & 6) of the
       Miscellaneous Output register (readable at 0x3CC, writable at
       0x3C2) to select the 400-scan-line vertical scanning rate */
-   outp(0x3C2, ((inp(0x3CC) &amp 0x3F) | 0x40));
+   outp(0x3C2, ((inp(0x3CC) & 0x3F) | 0x40));
 
    /* Now, tweak the registers needed to convert the vertical
       timings from 350 to 400 scan lines */

45-05.html

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void main()
 
    /* Return to text mode and exit */
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* AL = 3 selects 80x25 text mode */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 
 void Wait30Frames()
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ void Wait30Frames()
 
    for (i=0; i<30; i++) {
       /* Wait until we’re not in vertical sync, so we can catch leading edge */
-      while ((inp(INPUT_STATUS_1) &amp 0x08) != 0) ;
+      while ((inp(INPUT_STATUS_1) & 0x08) != 0) ;
       /* Wait until we are in vertical sync */
-      while ((inp(INPUT_STATUS_1) &amp 0x08) == 0) ;
+      while ((inp(INPUT_STATUS_1) & 0x08) == 0) ;
    }
 }
 </PRE>
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ void Set640x400()
    regs.h.ah = 0x11;                    /* character generator function */
    regs.h.al = 0x24;                    /* use ROM 8x6 character set for graphics */
    regs.h.bl = 2;                       /* 25 rows */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregs, &ampregs);           /* invoke the BIOS video interrupt
+   int86(0x10, &amp;regs, &amp;regs);           /* invoke the BIOS video interrupt
                                            to set up the text */
 }
 </PRE>

46-02.html

@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@
    featuring internal animation, masked images (sprites), and nonoverlapping dirty
    rectangle copying. Tested with Borland C++ in the small model. */
 
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include <stdlib.h>
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &ltalloc.h&gt
+#include <alloc.h>
-#include &ltmemory.h&gt
+#include <memory.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
 
 /* Comment out to disable overlap elimination in the dirty rectangle list. */
 #define CHECK-OVERLAP 1
@@ -176,25 +176,25 @@ void main()
    ScreenPtr = MK-FP(SCREEN-SEGMENT, 0);
    /* Set up the entities we’ll animate, at random locations */
    randomize();
-   for (= 0; &lt NUM-ENTITIES; i++) {
+   for (= 0; < NUM-ENTITIES; i++) {
       Entities[i].X = random(SCREEN-WIDTH - IMAGE-WIDTH);
       Entities[i].Y = random(SCREEN-HEIGHT - IMAGE-HEIGHT);
       Entities[i].XDirection = 1;
       Entities[i].YDirection = -1;
-      Entities[i].InternalAnimateCount = &amp 1;
+      Entities[i].InternalAnimateCount = & 1;
       Entities[i].InternalAnimateMax = 2;
    }
    /* Set the dirty rectangle list to empty, and set up the head/tail node
       as a sentinel */
    NumDirtyRectangles = 0;
-   DirtyHead.Next = &ampDirtyHead;
+   DirtyHead.Next = &DirtyHead;
    DirtyHead.Top = 0x7FFF;
    DirtyHead.Left= 0x7FFF;
    DirtyHead.Bottom = 0x7FFF;
    DirtyHead.Right = 0x7FFF;
    /* Set 320x200 256-color graphics mode */
    regs.x.ax = 0x0013;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregs, &ampregs);
+   int86(0x10, &regs, &regs);
    /* Loop and draw until a key is pressed */
    do {
       /* Draw the entities to the system buffer at their current locations,
@@ -205,19 +205,19 @@ void main()
       CopyDirtyRectanglesToScreen();
       /* Reset the dirty rectangle list to empty */
       NumDirtyRectangles = 0;
-      DirtyHead.Next = &ampDirtyHead;
+      DirtyHead.Next = &DirtyHead;
       /* Erase the entities in the system buffer at their old locations,
          updating the dirty rectangle list */
       EraseEntities();
       /* Move the entities, bouncing off the edges of the screen */
-      for (= 0; &lt NUM-ENTITIES; i++) {
+      for (= 0; < NUM-ENTITIES; i++) {
          XTemp = Entities[i].X + Entities[i].XDirection;
          YTemp = Entities[i].Y + Entities[i].YDirection;
-         if ((XTemp &lt 0) || ((XTemp + IMAGE-WIDTH) &gt SCREEN-WIDTH)) {
+         if ((XTemp < 0) || ((XTemp + IMAGE-WIDTH) > SCREEN-WIDTH)) {
             Entities[i].XDirection = -Entities[i].XDirection;
             XTemp = Entities[i].X + Entities[i].XDirection;
          }
-         if ((YTemp &lt 0) || ((YTemp + IMAGE-HEIGHT) &gt SCREEN-HEIGHT)) {
+         if ((YTemp < 0) || ((YTemp + IMAGE-HEIGHT) > SCREEN-HEIGHT)) {
             Entities[i].YDirection = -Entities[i].YDirection;
             YTemp = Entities[i].Y + Entities[i].YDirection;
          }
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ void main()
 
    /* Return back to text mode */
    regs.x.ax = 0x0003;
-   int86(0x10, &ampregs, &ampregs);
+   int86(0x10, &regs, &regs);
 }
 /* Draw entities at their current locations, updating dirty rectangle list. */
 void DrawEntities()
@@ -240,20 +240,20 @@ void DrawEntities()
    char *TempPtrMask;
    Entity *EntityPtr;
 
-   for (= 0, EntityPtr = Entities; &lt NUM-ENTITIES; i++, EntityPtr++) {
+   for (= 0, EntityPtr = Entities; < NUM-ENTITIES; i++, EntityPtr++) {
       /* Remember the dirty rectangle info for this entity */
       AddDirtyRect(EntityPtr, IMAGE-HEIGHT, IMAGE-WIDTH);
       /* Point to the destination in the system buffer */
-      RowPtrBuffer = SystemBufferPtr + (EntityPtr-&gtY * SCREEN-WIDTH) +
+      RowPtrBuffer = SystemBufferPtr + (EntityPtr->Y * SCREEN-WIDTH) +
-            EntityPtr-&gtX;
+            EntityPtr->X;
       /* Advance the image animation pointer */
-      if (++EntityPtr-&gtInternalAnimateCount &gt=
+      if (++EntityPtr->InternalAnimateCount >=
-            EntityPtr-&gtInternalAnimateMax) {
+            EntityPtr->InternalAnimateMax) {
-         EntityPtr-&gtInternalAnimateCount = 0;
+         EntityPtr->InternalAnimateCount = 0;
       }
       /* Point to the image and mask to draw */
-      TempPtrImage = ImagePixelArray[EntityPtr-&gtInternalAnimateCount];
+      TempPtrImage = ImagePixelArray[EntityPtr->InternalAnimateCount];
-      TempPtrMask = ImageMaskArray[EntityPtr-&gtInternalAnimateCount];
+      TempPtrMask = ImageMaskArray[EntityPtr->InternalAnimateCount];
       DrawMasked(RowPtrBuffer, TempPtrImage, TempPtrMask, IMAGE-HEIGHT,
                IMAGE-WIDTH, SCREEN-WIDTH);
    }
@@ -274,18 +274,18 @@ void CopyDirtyRectanglesToScreen()
       /* Copy only the dirty rectangles, in the YX-sorted order in which
          they’re linked */
       DirtyPtr = DirtyHead.Next;
-      for (= 0; &lt NumDirtyRectangles; i++) {
+      for (= 0; < NumDirtyRectangles; i++) {
          /* Offset in both system buffer and screen of image */
-         Offset = (unsigned int) (DirtyPtr-&gtTop * SCREEN-WIDTH) +
+         Offset = (unsigned int) (DirtyPtr->Top * SCREEN-WIDTH) +
-               DirtyPtr-&gtLeft;
+               DirtyPtr->Left;
          /* Dimensions of dirty rectangle */
-         RectWidth = DirtyPtr-&gtRight - DirtyPtr-&gtLeft;
+         RectWidth = DirtyPtr->Right - DirtyPtr->Left;
-         RectHeight = DirtyPtr-&gtBottom - DirtyPtr-&gtTop;
+         RectHeight = DirtyPtr->Bottom - DirtyPtr->Top;
          /* Copy a dirty rectangle */
          CopyRect(ScreenPtr + Offset, SystemBufferPtr + Offset,
                RectHeight, RectWidth, SCREEN-WIDTH, SCREEN-WIDTH);
          /* Point to the next dirty rectangle */
-         DirtyPtr = DirtyPtr-&gtNext;
+         DirtyPtr = DirtyPtr->Next;
       }
    }
 }
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ void EraseEntities()
    int i;
    char far *RowPtr;
    
-   for (= 0; &lt NUM-ENTITIES; i++) {
+   for (= 0; < NUM-ENTITIES; i++) {
       /* Remember the dirty rectangle info for this entity */
-      AddDirtyRect(&ampEntities[i], IMAGE-HEIGHT, IMAGE-WIDTH);
+      AddDirtyRect(&Entities[i], IMAGE-HEIGHT, IMAGE-WIDTH);
       /* Point to the destination in the system buffer */
       RowPtr = SystemBufferPtr + (Entities[i].Y * SCREEN-WIDTH) +
             Entities[i].X;
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ void EraseEntities()
    DirtyRectangle * TempPtr;
    Entity TempEntity;
    int i;
-   if (NumDirtyRectangles &gt= MAX-DIRTY-RECTANGLES) {
+   if (NumDirtyRectangles >= MAX-DIRTY-RECTANGLES) {
       /* Too many dirty rectangles; just redraw the whole screen */
       DrawWholeScreen = 1;
       return;
@@ -332,53 +332,53 @@ void EraseEntities()
 #ifdef CHECK-OVERLAP
    /* Check for overlap with existing rectangles */
    TempPtr = DirtyHead.Next;
-   for (= 0; &lt NumDirtyRectangles; i++, TempPtr = TempPtr-&gtNext) {
+   for (= 0; < NumDirtyRectangles; i++, TempPtr = TempPtr->Next) {
-      if ((TempPtr-&gtLeft &lt (pEntity-&gtX + ImageWidth)) &amp&amp
+      if ((TempPtr->Left < (pEntity->X + ImageWidth)) &&
-          (TempPtr-&gtRight &gt pEntity-&gtX) &amp&amp
+          (TempPtr->Right > pEntity->X) &&
-          (TempPtr-&gtTop &lt (pEntity-&gtY + ImageHeight)) &amp&amp
+          (TempPtr->Top < (pEntity->Y + ImageHeight)) &&
-          (TempPtr-&gtBottom &gt pEntity-&gtY)) {
+          (TempPtr->Bottom > pEntity->Y)) {
 
          /* We’ve found an overlapping rectangle. Calculate the
             rectangles, if any, remaining after subtracting out the
             overlapped areas, and add them to the dirty list */
          /* Check for a nonoverlapped left portion */
-         if (TempPtr-&gtLeft &gt pEntity-&gtX) {
+         if (TempPtr->Left > pEntity->X) {
             /* There’s definitely a nonoverlapped portion at the left; add
                it, but only to at most the top and bottom of the overlapping
                rect; top and bottom strips are taken care of below */
-            TempEntity.X = pEntity-&gtX;
+            TempEntity.X = pEntity->X;
-            TempEntity.Y = max(pEntity-&gtY, TempPtr-&gtTop);
+            TempEntity.Y = max(pEntity->Y, TempPtr->Top);
-            AddDirtyRect(&ampTempEntity,
+            AddDirtyRect(&TempEntity,
-                  min(pEntity-&gtY + ImageHeight, TempPtr-&gtBottom) -
+                  min(pEntity->Y + ImageHeight, TempPtr->Bottom) -
                   TempEntity.Y,
-                        TempPtr-&gtLeft - pEntity-&gtX);
+                        TempPtr->Left - pEntity->X);
          }
          /* Check for a nonoverlapped right portion */
-         if (TempPtr-&gtRight &lt (pEntity-&gtX + ImageWidth)) {
+         if (TempPtr->Right < (pEntity->X + ImageWidth)) {
             /* There’s definitely a nonoverlapped portion at the right; add
                it, but only to at most the top and bottom of the overlapping
                rect; top and bottom strips are taken care of below */
-            TempEntity.X = TempPtr-&gtRight;
+            TempEntity.X = TempPtr->Right;
-            TempEntity.Y = max(pEntity-&gtY, TempPtr-&gtTop);
+            TempEntity.Y = max(pEntity->Y, TempPtr->Top);
-            AddDirtyRect(&ampTempEntity,
+            AddDirtyRect(&TempEntity,
-                  min(pEntity-&gtY + ImageHeight, TempPtr-&gtBottom) -
+                  min(pEntity->Y + ImageHeight, TempPtr->Bottom) -
                   TempEntity.Y,
-                  (pEntity-&gtX + ImageWidth) - TempPtr-&gtRight);
+                  (pEntity->X + ImageWidth) - TempPtr->Right);
          }
          /* Check for a nonoverlapped top portion */
-         if (TempPtr-&gtTop &gt pEntity-&gtY) {
+         if (TempPtr->Top > pEntity->Y) {
             /* There’s a top portion that’s not overlapped */
-            TempEntity.X = pEntity-&gtX;
+            TempEntity.X = pEntity->X;
-            TempEntity.Y = pEntity-&gtY;
+            TempEntity.Y = pEntity->Y;
-            AddDirtyRect(&ampTempEntity, TempPtr-&gtTop - pEntity-&gtY, ImageWidth);
+            AddDirtyRect(&TempEntity, TempPtr->Top - pEntity->Y, ImageWidth);
          }
          /* Check for a nonoverlapped bottom portion */
-         if (TempPtr-&gtBottom &lt (pEntity-&gtY + ImageHeight)) {
+         if (TempPtr->Bottom < (pEntity->Y + ImageHeight)) {
             /* There’s a bottom portion that’s not overlapped */
-            TempEntity.X = pEntity-&gtX;
+            TempEntity.X = pEntity->X;
-            TempEntity.Y = TempPtr-&gtBottom;
+            TempEntity.Y = TempPtr->Bottom;
-            AddDirtyRect(&ampTempEntity,
+            AddDirtyRect(&TempEntity,
-                  (pEntity-&gtY + ImageHeight) - TempPtr-&gtBottom, ImageWidth);
+                  (pEntity->Y + ImageHeight) - TempPtr->Bottom, ImageWidth);
          }
          /* We’ve added all non-overlapped portions to the dirty list */
          return;
@@ -389,22 +389,22 @@ void EraseEntities()
       add this rectangle as-is */
    /* Find the YX-sorted insertion point. Searches will always terminate,
       because the head/tail rectangle is set to the maximum values */
-   TempPtr = &ampDirtyHead;
+   TempPtr = &DirtyHead;
-   while (((DirtyRectangle *)TempPtr-&gtNext)-&gtTop &lt pEntity-&gtY) {
+   while (((DirtyRectangle *)TempPtr->Next)->Top < pEntity->Y) {
-      TempPtr = TempPtr-&gtNext;
+      TempPtr = TempPtr->Next;
    }
-   while ((((DirtyRectangle *)TempPtr-&gtNext)-&gtTop == pEntity-&gtY) &amp&amp
+   while ((((DirtyRectangle *)TempPtr->Next)->Top == pEntity->Y) &&
-           (((DirtyRectangle *)TempPtr-&gtNext)-&gtLeft &lt pEntity-&gtX)) {
+           (((DirtyRectangle *)TempPtr->Next)->Left < pEntity->X)) {
-      TempPtr = TempPtr-&gtNext;
+      TempPtr = TempPtr->Next;
    }
    /* Set the rectangle and actually add it to the dirty list */
-   DirtyPtr = &ampDirtyRectangles[NumDirtyRectangles++];
+   DirtyPtr = &DirtyRectangles[NumDirtyRectangles++];
-   DirtyPtr-&gtLeft = pEntity-&gtX;
+   DirtyPtr->Left = pEntity->X;
-   DirtyPtr-&gtTop = pEntity-&gtY;
+   DirtyPtr->Top = pEntity->Y;
-   DirtyPtr-&gtRight = pEntity-&gtX + ImageWidth;
+   DirtyPtr->Right = pEntity->X + ImageWidth;
-   DirtyPtr-&gtBottom = pEntity-&gtY + ImageHeight;
+   DirtyPtr->Bottom = pEntity->Y + ImageHeight;
-   DirtyPtr-&gtNext = TempPtr-&gtNext;
+   DirtyPtr->Next = TempPtr->Next;
-   TempPtr-&gtNext = DirtyPtr;
+   TempPtr->Next = DirtyPtr;
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

47-07.html

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ void main() {
    }
    getch();
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* switch back to text mode and done */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

48-01.html

@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@
    rectangle fills by filling the screen with adjacent 80x60
    rectangles in a variety of patterns. Tested with Borland C++
    in C compilation mode and the small model */
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
 
 void Set320x240Mode(void);
 void FillPatternX(int, int, int, int, unsigned int, char*);
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ void main() {
    union REGS regset;
 
    Set320x240Mode();
-   for (j = 0; j &lt 4; j++) {
+   for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-      for (i = 0; i &lt 4; i++) {
+      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
          FillPatternX(i*80,j*60,i*80+80,j*60+60,0,PattTable[j*4+i]);
       }
    }
    getch();
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* switch back to text mode and done */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

48-04.html

@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ DoRightEdge:
                                    ; latches)
 CopyLoopBottom:
         add     si,[bp+SourceNextScanOffset] ;point to the start of
-        add     di,[bp+DestNextScanOffset]   ; next source &amp dest lines
+        add     di,[bp+DestNextScanOffset]   ; next source & dest lines
         dec     word ptr [bp+Height]         ;count down scan lines
         jnz     CopyRowsLoop
 CopyDone:

49-04.html

@@ -134,26 +134,26 @@ typedef struct {
    MaskedImage *Image;
 } AnimatedObject;
 AnimatedObject AnimatedObjects[] = {
-   {  0,  0,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1, 1,  0,  0,&ampKiteImage},
+   {  0,  0,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1, 1,  0,  0,&KiteImage},
-   { 10, 10,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0, 1, 10, 10,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 10, 10,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0, 1, 10, 10,&KiteImage},
-   { 20, 20,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1, 1, 20, 20,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 20, 20,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1, 1, 20, 20,&KiteImage},
-   { 30, 30,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1,-1, 30, 30,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 30, 30,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1,-1, 30, 30,&KiteImage},
-   { 40, 40,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1,-1, 40, 40,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 40, 40,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1,-1, 40, 40,&KiteImage},
-   { 50, 50,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0,-1, 50, 50,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 50, 50,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0,-1, 50, 50,&KiteImage},
-   { 60, 60,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1, 0, 60, 60,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 60, 60,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1, 0, 60, 60,&KiteImage},
-   { 70, 70,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1, 0, 70, 70,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 70, 70,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1, 0, 70, 70,&KiteImage},
-   { 80, 80,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1, 2, 80, 80,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 80, 80,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1, 2, 80, 80,&KiteImage},
-   { 90, 90,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0, 2, 90, 90,&ampKiteImage},
+   { 90, 90,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0, 2, 90, 90,&KiteImage},
-   {100,100,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1, 2,100,100,&ampKiteImage},
+   {100,100,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1, 2,100,100,&KiteImage},
-   {110,110,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1,-2,110,110,&ampKiteImage},
+   {110,110,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-1,-2,110,110,&KiteImage},
-   {120,120,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1,-2,120,120,&ampKiteImage},
+   {120,120,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 1,-2,120,120,&KiteImage},
-   {130,130,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0,-2,130,130,&ampKiteImage},
+   {130,130,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 0,-2,130,130,&KiteImage},
-   {140,140,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 2, 0,140,140,&ampKiteImage},
+   {140,140,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 2, 0,140,140,&KiteImage},
-   {150,150,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-2, 0,150,150,&ampKiteImage},
+   {150,150,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-2, 0,150,150,&KiteImage},
-   {160,160,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 2, 2,160,160,&ampKiteImage},
+   {160,160,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 2, 2,160,160,&KiteImage},
-   {170,170,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-2, 2,170,170,&ampKiteImage},
+   {170,170,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-2, 2,170,170,&KiteImage},
-   {180,180,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-2,-2,180,180,&ampKiteImage},
+   {180,180,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT,-2,-2,180,180,&KiteImage},
-   {190,190,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 2,-2,190,190,&ampKiteImage},
+   {190,190,KITE_WIDTH,KITE_HEIGHT, 2,-2,190,190,&KiteImage},
 };
 void main(void);
 void DrawBackground(unsigned int);
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ void main()
    union REGS regset;
    Set320x240Mode();
    /* Download the kite image for fast copying later. */
-   if (CreateAlignedMaskedImage(&ampKiteImage, DOWNLOAD_START_OFFSET,
+   if (CreateAlignedMaskedImage(&KiteImage, DOWNLOAD_START_OFFSET,
          KitePixels, KITE_WIDTH, KITE_HEIGHT, KiteMask) == 0) {
-      regset.x.ax = 0x0003; int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+      regset.x.ax = 0x0003; int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
       printf(“Couldn’t get memory\n”); exit();
    }
    /* Draw the background to the background page. */
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ void main()
       }
       /* Move and draw each object in the nondisplayed page. */
       for (i=0; i<NUM_OBJECTS; i++) {
-         MoveObject(&ampAnimatedObjects[i]);
+         MoveObject(&AnimatedObjects[i]);
          /* Draw object into nondisplayed page at new location */
          CopyScreenToScreenMaskedX(0, 0, AnimatedObjects[i].Width,
                AnimatedObjects[i].Height, AnimatedObjects[i].X,
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ void main()
       }
    } while (!Done);
    /* Restore text mode and done. */
-   regset.x.ax = 0x0003; int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   regset.x.ax = 0x0003; int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 void DrawBackground(unsigned int PageStart)
 {

50-03.html

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ HLinePtr        dw      ?          ;pointer to list of horz lines
 HLineList ends
 
 Parms   struc
-                dw      2 dup(?)   ;return address &amp pushed BP
+                dw      2 dup(?)   ;return address & pushed BP
 HLineListPtr    dw      ?          ;pointer to HLineList structure
 Color           dw      ?          ;color with which to fill
 Parms   ends
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ MaxXNotClipped:
         add     di,dx   ;offset of first rect pixel in display mem
         mov     dx,si   ;XStart
         and     si,0003h    ;look up left-edge plane mask
-        mov     bh,LeftClipPlaneMask[si] ; to clip &amp put in BH
+        mov     bh,LeftClipPlaneMask[si] ; to clip & put in BH
         mov     si,cx
         and     si,0003h           ;look up right-edge plane
-        mov     bl,RightClipPlaneMask[si] ; mask to clip &amp put in BL
+        mov     bl,RightClipPlaneMask[si] ; mask to clip & put in BL
         and     dx,not 011b        ;calculate # of addresses across rect
         sub     cx,dx
         shr     cx,1

50-04.html

@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ void XformVec(double Xform[4][4], double * SourceVec,
 {
    int i,j;
 
-   for (i=0; i&lt4; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
       DestVec[i] = 0;
-      for (j=0; j&lt4; j++)
+      for (j=0; j<4; j++)
          DestVec[i] += Xform[i][j] * SourceVec[j];
    }
 }
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ void ConcatXforms(double SourceXform1[4][4], double SourceXform2[4][4],
 {
    int i,j,k;
 
-   for (i=0; i&lt4; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
-      for (j=0; j&lt4; j++) {
+      for (j=0; j<4; j++) {
          DestXform[i][j] = 0;
-         for (k=0; k&lt4; k++)
+         for (k=0; k<4; k++)
             DestXform[i][j] += SourceXform1[i][k] * SourceXform2[k][j];
       }
    }
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ void XformAndProjectPoly(double Xform[4][4], struct Point3 * Poly,
    struct PointListHeader Polygon;
 
    /* Transform to view space, then project to the screen */
-   for (i=0; i&ltPolyLength; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i<PolyLength; i++) {
       /* Transform to view space */
-      XformVec(Xform, (double *)&ampPoly[i], (double *)&ampXformedPoly[i]);
+      XformVec(Xform, (double *)&Poly[i], (double *)&XformedPoly[i]);
-      /* Project the X &amp Y coordinates to the screen, rounding to the
+      /* Project the X & Y coordinates to the screen, rounding to the
          nearest integral coordinates. The Y coordinate is negated to
          flip from view space, where increasing Y is up, to screen
          space, where increasing Y is down. Add in half the screen
@@ -125,20 +125,20 @@ void XformAndProjectPoly(double Xform[4][4], struct Point3 * Poly,
             SCREEN_HEIGHT/2;
       /* Appropriately adjust the extent of the rectangle used to
          erase this page later */
-         if (ProjectedPoly[i].X &gt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right)
+         if (ProjectedPoly[i].X > EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right)
-          if (ProjectedPoly[i].X &lt SCREEN_WIDTH)
+          if (ProjectedPoly[i].X < SCREEN_WIDTH)
             EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right = ProjectedPoly[i].X;
           else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right = SCREEN_WIDTH;
-         if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y &gt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom)
+         if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y > EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom)
-          if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y &lt SCREEN_HEIGHT)
+          if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y < SCREEN_HEIGHT)
             EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom = ProjectedPoly[i].Y;
           else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom = SCREEN_HEIGHT;
-         if (ProjectedPoly[i].X &lt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left)
+         if (ProjectedPoly[i].X < EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left)
-          if (ProjectedPoly[i].X &gt 0)
+          if (ProjectedPoly[i].X > 0)
             EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left = ProjectedPoly[i].X;
           else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left = 0;
-         if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y &lt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top)
+         if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y < EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top)
-          if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y &gt 0)
+          if (ProjectedPoly[i].Y > 0)
             EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top = ProjectedPoly[i].Y;
           else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top = 0;
    }

50-05.html

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #define DRAW_POLYGON(PointList,NumPoints,Color,X,Y)         \
    Polygon.Length = NumPoints;                              \
    Polygon.PointPtr = PointList;                            \
-   FillConvexPolygon(&ampPolygon, Color, X, Y);
+   FillConvexPolygon(&Polygon, Color, X, Y);
 
 /* Describes a single 2-D point */
 struct Point {

50-06.html

@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@
    the direction of increasingly negative Z. A right-handed
    coordinate system is used throughout.
    Tested with Borland C++ in the small model. */
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include <math.h>
 #include “polygon.h”
 void main(void);
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void main() {
       /* Flip to display the page into which we just drew */
       ShowPage(PageStartOffsets[DisplayedPage = NonDisplayedPage]);
       /* Rotate 6 degrees farther around the Y axis */
-      if ((Rotation += (M_PI/30.0)) &gt= (M_PI*2)) Rotation -= M_PI*2;
+      if ((Rotation += (M_PI/30.0)) >= (M_PI*2)) Rotation -= M_PI*2;
       if (kbhit()) {
          switch (getch()) {
             case 0x1B:     /* Esc to exit */
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ void main() {
                PolyWorldXform[2][3] -= 3.0; break;
             case ‘T’:      /* towards (+Z). Don’t allow to get too */
             case ‘t’:      /* close, so Z clipping isn’t needed */
-               if (PolyWorldXform[2][3] &lt -40.0)
+               if (PolyWorldXform[2][3] < -40.0)
                      PolyWorldXform[2][3] += 3.0; break;
             case 0:     /* extended code */
                switch (getch()) {
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ void main() {
    } while (!Done);
    /* Return to text mode and exit */
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* AL = 3 selects 80x25 text mode */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

51-03.html

@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@
    is fixed at the origin (0,0,0) of world space, looking in the direction of
    increasingly negative Z. A right-handed coordinate system is used throughout.
    All C code tested with Borland C++ in C compilation mode. */
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include <math.h>
 #include “polygon.h”
 
 #define ROTATION  (M_PI / 30.0)  /* rotate by 6 degrees at a time */
@@ -121,12 +121,12 @@ void main() {
    /* Keep transforming the cube, drawing it to the undisplayed page,
       and flipping the page to show it */
    do {
-      /* Regenerate the object-&gtview transformation and
+      /* Regenerate the object->view transformation and
          retransform/project if necessary */
       if (RecalcXform) {
          ConcatXforms(WorldViewXform, CubeWorldXform, WorkingXform);
          /* Transform and project all the vertices in the cube */
-         XformAndProjectPoints(WorkingXform, &ampCube);
+         XformAndProjectPoints(WorkingXform, &Cube);
          RecalcXform = 0;
       }
       CurrentPageBase =    /* select other page for drawing to */
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ void main() {
       EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right =
             EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom = 0;
       /* Draw all visible faces of the cube */
-      DrawVisibleFaces(&ampCube);
+      DrawVisibleFaces(&Cube);
       /* Flip to display the page into which we just drew */
       ShowPage(PageStartOffsets[DisplayedPage = NonDisplayedPage]);
       while (kbhit()) {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void main() {
                CubeWorldXform[2][3] -= 3.0; RecalcXform = 1; break;
             case ‘T’:      /* towards (+Z). Don’t allow to get too */
             case ‘t’:      /* close, so Z clipping isn’t needed */
-               if (CubeWorldXform[2][3] &lt -40.0) {
+               if (CubeWorldXform[2][3] < -40.0) {
                      CubeWorldXform[2][3] += 3.0;
                      RecalcXform = 1;
                }
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ void main() {
    } while (!Done);
    /* Return to text mode and exit */
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* AL = 3 selects 80x25 text mode */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
 }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

51-04.html

@@ -42,34 +42,34 @@
 /* Transforms all vertices in the specified object into view spa ce, then
    perspective projects them to screen space and maps them to screen coordinates,
    storing the results in the object. */
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include <math.h>
 #include “polygon.h”/
 
 void XformAndProjectPoints(double Xform[4][4],
    struct Object * ObjectToXform)
 {
-   int i, NumPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtNumVerts;
+   int i, NumPoints = ObjectToXform->NumVerts;
-   struct Point3 * Points = ObjectToXform-&gtVertexList;
+   struct Point3 * Points = ObjectToXform->VertexList;
-   struct Point3 * XformedPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtXformedVertexList;
+   struct Point3 * XformedPoints = ObjectToXform->XformedVertexList;
-   struct Point3 * ProjectedPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtProjectedVertexList;
+   struct Point3 * ProjectedPoints = ObjectToXform->ProjectedVertexList;
-   struct Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtScreenVertexList;
+   struct Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform->ScreenVertexList;
 
-   for (i=0; i&ltNumPoints; i++, Points++, XformedPoints++,
+   for (i=0; i<NumPoints; i++, Points++, XformedPoints++,
          ProjectedPoints++, ScreenPoints++) {
       /* Transform to view space */
       XformVec(Xform, (double *)Points, (double *)XformedPoints);
       /* Perspective-project to screen space */
-      ProjectedPoints-&gtX = XformedPoints-&gtX / XformedPoints-&gtZ *
+      ProjectedPoints->X = XformedPoints->X / XformedPoints->Z *
             PROJECTION_RATIO * (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2.0);
-      ProjectedPoints-&gtY = XformedPoints-&gtY / XformedPoints-&gtZ *
+      ProjectedPoints->Y = XformedPoints->Y / XformedPoints->Z *
             PROJECTION_RATIO * (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2.0);
-      ProjectedPoints-&gtZ = XformedPoints-&gtZ;
+      ProjectedPoints->Z = XformedPoints->Z;
       /* Convert to screen coordinates. The Y coord is negated to
          flip from increasing Y being up to increasing Y being down,
          as expected by the polygon filler. Add in half the screen
          width and height to center on the screen. */
-      ScreenPoints-&gtX = ((int) floor(ProjectedPoints-&gtX + 0.5)) + SCREEN_WIDTH/2;
+      ScreenPoints->X = ((int) floor(ProjectedPoints->X + 0.5)) + SCREEN_WIDTH/2;
-      ScreenPoints-&gtY = (-((int) floor(ProjectedPoints-&gtY + 0.5))) +
+      ScreenPoints->Y = (-((int) floor(ProjectedPoints->Y + 0.5))) +
                SCREEN_HEIGHT/2;
    }
 }
@@ -85,19 +85,19 @@ void XformAndProjectPoints(double Xform[4][4],
 
 void DrawVisibleFaces(struct Object * ObjectToXform)
 {
-   int i, j, NumFaces = ObjectToXform-&gtNumFaces, NumVertices;
+   int i, j, NumFaces = ObjectToXform->NumFaces, NumVertices;
    int * VertNumsPtr;
-   struct Face * FacePtr = ObjectToXform-&gtFaceList;
+   struct Face * FacePtr = ObjectToXform->FaceList;
-   struct Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtScreenVertexList;
+   struct Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform->ScreenVertexList;
    long v1,v2,w1,w2;
    struct Point Vertices[MAX_POLY_LENGTH];
    struct PointListHeader Polygon;
 
    /* Draw each visible face (polygon) of the object in turn */
-   for (i=0; i&ltNumFaces; i++, FacePtr++) {
+   for (i=0; i<NumFaces; i++, FacePtr++) {
-      NumVertices = FacePtr-&gtNumVerts;
+      NumVertices = FacePtr->NumVerts;
       /* Copy over the face’s vertices from the vertex list */
-      for (j=0, VertNumsPtr=FacePtr-&gtVertNums; j&ltNumVertices; j++)
+      for (j=0, VertNumsPtr=FacePtr->VertNums; j<NumVertices; j++)
          Vertices[j] = ScreenPoints[*VertNumsPtr++];
       /* Draw only if outside face showing (if the normal to the
          polygon points toward the viewer; that is, has a positive
@@ -106,30 +106,30 @@ void DrawVisibleFaces(struct Object * ObjectToXform)
       w1 = Vertices[NumVertices-1].X - Vertices[0].X;
       v2 = Vertices[1].Y - Vertices[0].Y;
       w2 = Vertices[NumVertices-1].Y - Vertices[0].Y;
-      if ((v1*w2 - v2*w1) &gt 0) {
+      if ((v1*w2 - v2*w1) > 0) {
          /* It is facing the screen, so draw */
          /* Appropriately adjust the extent of the rectangle used to
             erase this page later */
-         for (j=0; j&ltNumVertices; j++) {
+         for (j=0; j<NumVertices; j++) {
-            if (Vertices[j].X &gt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right)
+            if (Vertices[j].X > EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right)
-               if (Vertices[j].X &lt SCREEN_WIDTH)
+               if (Vertices[j].X < SCREEN_WIDTH)
                   EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right = Vertices[j].X;
                else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right = SCREEN_WIDTH;
-            if (Vertices[j].Y &gt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom)
+            if (Vertices[j].Y > EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom)
-               if (Vertices[j].Y &lt SCREEN_HEIGHT)
+               if (Vertices[j].Y < SCREEN_HEIGHT)
                   EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom = Vertices[j].Y;
                else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom=SCREEN_HEIGHT;
-            if (Vertices[j].X &lt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left)
+            if (Vertices[j].X < EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left)
-               if (Vertices[j].X &gt 0)
+               if (Vertices[j].X > 0)
                   EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left = Vertices[j].X;
                else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left = 0;
-            if (Vertices[j].Y &lt EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top)
+            if (Vertices[j].Y < EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top)
-               if (Vertices[j].Y &gt 0)
+               if (Vertices[j].Y > 0)
                   EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top = Vertices[j].Y;
                else EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top = 0;
          }
          /* Draw the polygon */
-         DRAW_POLYGON(Vertices, NumVertices, FacePtr-&gtColor, 0, 0);
+         DRAW_POLYGON(Vertices, NumVertices, FacePtr->Color, 0, 0);
       }
    }
 }

51-05.html

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
 /* Routines to perform incremental rotations around the three axes */
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include &lt;math.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;polygon.h&rdquo;
 
 /* Concatenate a rotation by Angle around the X axis to the transformation in

51-06.html

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
    all vertices offset by (X,Y) */
 #define DRAW_POLYGON(PointList,NumPoints,Color,X,Y)          \
    Polygon.Length = NumPoints; Polygon.PointPtr = PointList; \
-   FillConvexPolygon(&ampPolygon, Color, X, Y);
+   FillConvexPolygon(&Polygon, Color, X, Y);
 /* Describes a single 2D point */
 struct Point {
    int X;   /* X coordinate */

52-02.html

@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@
 /* 3-D animation program to rotate 12 cubes. Uses fixed point. All C code
    tested with Borland C++ in C compilation mode and the small model. */
 
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &ltdos.h&gt
+#include <dos.h>
 #include “polygon.h”
 
 /* base offset of page to which to draw */
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ void main() {
       and flipping the page to show it */
    do {
       /* For each object, regenerate viewing info, if necessary */
-      for (i=0; i&ltNumObjects; i++) {
+      for (i=0; i<NumObjects; i++) {
-         if ((ObjectPtr = ObjectList[i])-&gtRecalcXform ||
+         if ((ObjectPtr = ObjectList[i])->RecalcXform ||
                RecalcAllXforms) {
-            ObjectPtr-&gtRecalcFunc(ObjectPtr);
+            ObjectPtr->RecalcFunc(ObjectPtr);
-            ObjectPtr-&gtRecalcXform = 0;
+            ObjectPtr->RecalcXform = 0;
          }
       }
       RecalcAllXforms = 0;
@@ -85,32 +85,32 @@ void main() {
             PageStartOffsets[NonDisplayedPage = DisplayedPage ^ 1];
       /* For each object, clear the portion of the non-displayed page
          that was drawn to last time, then reset the erase extent */
-      for (i=0; i&ltNumObjects; i++) {
+      for (i=0; i<NumObjects; i++) {
          ObjectPtr = ObjectList[i];
-         FillRectangleX(ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left,
+         FillRectangleX(ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left,
-            ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top,
+            ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top,
-            ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right,
+            ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right,
-            ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom,
+            ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom,
             CurrentPageBase, 0);
-         ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left =
+         ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left =
-              ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top = 0x7FFF;
+              ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top = 0x7FFF;
-         ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right =
+         ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right =
-               ObjectPtr-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom = 0;
+               ObjectPtr->EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom = 0;
       }
       /* Draw all objects */
-      for (i=0; i&ltNumObjects; i++)
+      for (i=0; i<NumObjects; i++)
-         ObjectList[i]-&gtDrawFunc(ObjectList[i]);
+         ObjectList[i]->DrawFunc(ObjectList[i]);
       /* Flip to display the page into which we just drew */
       ShowPage(PageStartOffsets[DisplayedPage = NonDisplayedPage]);
       /* Move and reorient each object */
-      for (i=0; i&ltNumObjects; i++)
+      for (i=0; i<NumObjects; i++)
-         ObjectList[i]-&gtMoveFunc(ObjectList[i]);
+         ObjectList[i]->MoveFunc(ObjectList[i]);
       if (kbhit())
          if (getch() == 0x1B) Done = 1;   /* Esc to exit */
    } while (!Done);
    /* Return to text mode and exit */
    regset.x.ax = 0x0003;   /* AL = 3 selects 80x25 text mode */
-   int86(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset);
+   int86(0x10, &regset, &regset);
    exit(1);
 }
 </PRE>
@@ -120,45 +120,45 @@ void main() {
 <PRE>
 /* Transforms all vertices in the specified polygon-based object into view
    space, then perspective projects them to screen space and maps them to screen
-   coordinates, storing results in the object. Recalculates object-&gtview
+   coordinates, storing results in the object. Recalculates object-&gt;view
    transformation because only if transform changes would we bother
    to retransform the vertices. */
 
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include &lt;math.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;polygon.h&rdquo;
 
 void XformAndProjectPObject(PObject * ObjectToXform)
 {
-   int i, NumPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtNumVerts;
+   int i, NumPoints = ObjectToXform-&gt;NumVerts;
-   Point3 * Points = ObjectToXform-&gtVertexList;
+   Point3 * Points = ObjectToXform-&gt;VertexList;
-   Point3 * XformedPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtXformedVertexList;
+   Point3 * XformedPoints = ObjectToXform-&gt;XformedVertexList;
-   Point3 * ProjectedPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtProjectedVertexList;
+   Point3 * ProjectedPoints = ObjectToXform-&gt;ProjectedVertexList;
-   Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtScreenVertexList;
+   Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform-&gt;ScreenVertexList;
 
-   /* Recalculate the object-&gtview transform */
+   /* Recalculate the object-&gt;view transform */
-   ConcatXforms(WorldViewXform, ObjectToXform-&gtXformToWorld,
+   ConcatXforms(WorldViewXform, ObjectToXform-&gt;XformToWorld,
-                ObjectToXform-&gtXformToView);
+                ObjectToXform-&gt;XformToView);
    /* Apply that new transformation and project the points */
-   for (i=0; i&ltNumPoints; i++, Points++, XformedPoints++,
+   for (i=0; i&lt;NumPoints; i++, Points++, XformedPoints++,
          ProjectedPoints++, ScreenPoints++) {
       /* Transform to view space */
-      XformVec(ObjectToXform-&gtXformToView, (Fixedpoint *) Points,
+      XformVec(ObjectToXform-&gt;XformToView, (Fixedpoint *) Points,
             (Fixedpoint *) XformedPoints);
       /* Perspective-project to screen space */
-      ProjectedPoints-&gtX =
+      ProjectedPoints-&gt;X =
-            FixedMul(FixedDiv(XformedPoints-&gtX, XformedPoints-&gtZ),
+            FixedMul(FixedDiv(XformedPoints-&gt;X, XformedPoints-&gt;Z),
             DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(PROJECTION_RATIO * (SCREEN_WIDTH/2)));
-      ProjectedPoints-&gtY =
+      ProjectedPoints-&gt;Y =
-            FixedMul(FixedDiv(XformedPoints-&gtY, XformedPoints-&gtZ),
+            FixedMul(FixedDiv(XformedPoints-&gt;Y, XformedPoints-&gt;Z),
             DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(PROJECTION_RATIO * (SCREEN_WIDTH/2)));
-      ProjectedPoints-&gtZ = XformedPoints-&gtZ;
+      ProjectedPoints-&gt;Z = XformedPoints-&gt;Z;
       /* Convert to screen coordinates. The Y coord is negated to flip from
          increasing Y being up to increasing Y being down, as expected by polygon
          filler. Add in half the screen width and height to center on screen. */
-      ScreenPoints-&gtX = ((int) ((ProjectedPoints-&gtX +
+      ScreenPoints-&gt;X = ((int) ((ProjectedPoints-&gt;X +
-            DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(0.5)) &gt&gt 16)) + SCREEN_WIDTH/2;
+            DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(0.5)) &gt;&gt; 16)) + SCREEN_WIDTH/2;
-      ScreenPoints-&gtY = (-((int) ((ProjectedPoints-&gtY +
+      ScreenPoints-&gt;Y = (-((int) ((ProjectedPoints-&gt;Y +
-            DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(0.5)) &gt&gt 16))) + SCREEN_HEIGHT/2;
+            DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(0.5)) &gt;&gt; 16))) + SCREEN_HEIGHT/2;
    }
 }<B></B>
 </PRE>

52-03.html

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 <PRE>
 /* Routines to perform incremental rotations around the three axes. */
 
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include &lt;math.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;polygon.h&rdquo;
 
 /* Concatenate a rotation by Angle around the X axis to transformation in
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ void XformVec(Xform WorkingXform, Fixedpoint *SourceVec,
 {
    int i;
 
-   for (i=0; i&lt3; i++)
+   for (i=0; i&lt;3; i++)
       DestVec[i] = FixedMul(WorkingXform[i][0], SourceVec[0]) +
             FixedMul(WorkingXform[i][1], SourceVec[1]) +
             FixedMul(WorkingXform[i][2], SourceVec[2]) +
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@ void ConcatXforms(Xform SourceXform1, Xform SourceXform2,
 {
    int i, j;
 
-   for (i=0; i&lt3; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i&lt;3; i++) {
-      for (j=0; j&lt4; j++)
+      for (j=0; j&lt;4; j++)
          DestXform[i][j] =
                FixedMul(SourceXform1[i][0], SourceXform2[0][j]) +
                FixedMul(SourceXform1[i][1], SourceXform2[1][j]) +
@@ -189,10 +189,10 @@ void InitializeFixedPoint()
 {
    int i, j;
 
-   for (i=0; i&lt3; i++)
+   for (i=0; i&lt;3; i++)
-      for (j=0; j&lt4; j++)
+      for (j=0; j&lt;4; j++)
          WorldViewXform[i][j] = INT_TO_FIXED(IntWorldViewXform[i][j]);
-   for (i=0; i&ltNUM_CUBE_VERTS; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i&lt;NUM_CUBE_VERTS; i++) {
       CubeVerts[i].X = INT_TO_FIXED(IntCubeVerts[i].X);
       CubeVerts[i].Y = INT_TO_FIXED(IntCubeVerts[i].Y);
       CubeVerts[i].Z = INT_TO_FIXED(IntCubeVerts[i].Z);

52-04.html

@@ -46,26 +46,26 @@
 
 void RotateAndMovePObject(PObject * ObjectToMove)
 {
-   if (--ObjectToMove-&gtRDelayCount == 0) {   /* rotate */
+   if (--ObjectToMove->RDelayCount == 0) {   /* rotate */
-      ObjectToMove-&gtRDelayCount = ObjectToMove-&gtRDelayCountBase;
+      ObjectToMove->RDelayCount = ObjectToMove->RDelayCountBase;
-      if (ObjectToMove-&gtRotate.RotateX != 0.0)
+      if (ObjectToMove->Rotate.RotateX != 0.0)
-         AppendRotationX(ObjectToMove-&gtXformToWorld,
+         AppendRotationX(ObjectToMove->XformToWorld,
-               ObjectToMove-&gtRotate.RotateX);
+               ObjectToMove->Rotate.RotateX);
-      if (ObjectToMove-&gtRotate.RotateY != 0.0)
+      if (ObjectToMove->Rotate.RotateY != 0.0)
-         AppendRotationY(ObjectToMove-&gtXformToWorld,
+         AppendRotationY(ObjectToMove->XformToWorld,
-               ObjectToMove-&gtRotate.RotateY);
+               ObjectToMove->Rotate.RotateY);
-      if (ObjectToMove-&gtRotate.RotateZ != 0.0)
+      if (ObjectToMove->Rotate.RotateZ != 0.0)
-         AppendRotationZ(ObjectToMove-&gtXformToWorld,
+         AppendRotationZ(ObjectToMove->XformToWorld,
-               ObjectToMove-&gtRotate.RotateZ);
+               ObjectToMove->Rotate.RotateZ);
-      ObjectToMove-&gtRecalcXform = 1;
+      ObjectToMove->RecalcXform = 1;
    }
    /* Move in Z, checking for bouncing and stopping */
-   if (--ObjectToMove-&gtMDelayCount == 0) {
+   if (--ObjectToMove->MDelayCount == 0) {
-      ObjectToMove-&gtMDelayCount = ObjectToMove-&gtMDelayCountBase;
+      ObjectToMove->MDelayCount = ObjectToMove->MDelayCountBase;
-      ObjectToMove-&gtXformToWorld[2][3] += ObjectToMove-&gtMove.MoveZ;
+      ObjectToMove->XformToWorld[2][3] += ObjectToMove->Move.MoveZ;
-      if (ObjectToMove-&gtXformToWorld[2][3]&gtObjectToMove-&gtMove.MaxZ)
+      if (ObjectToMove->XformToWorld[2][3]>ObjectToMove->Move.MaxZ)
-         ObjectToMove-&gtMove.MoveZ = 0; /* stop if close enough */
+         ObjectToMove->Move.MoveZ = 0; /* stop if close enough */
-      ObjectToMove-&gtRecalcXform = 1;
+      ObjectToMove->RecalcXform = 1;
    }
 }
 </PRE>
@@ -81,19 +81,19 @@ void RotateAndMovePObject(PObject * ObjectToMove)
 
 void DrawPObject(PObject * ObjectToXform)
 {
-   int i, j, NumFaces = ObjectToXform-&gtNumFaces, NumVertices;
+   int i, j, NumFaces = ObjectToXform-&gt;NumFaces, NumVertices;
    int * VertNumsPtr;
-   Face * FacePtr = ObjectToXform-&gtFaceList;
+   Face * FacePtr = ObjectToXform-&gt;FaceList;
-   Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform-&gtScreenVertexList;
+   Point * ScreenPoints = ObjectToXform-&gt;ScreenVertexList;
    long v1, v2, w1, w2;
    Point Vertices[MAX_POLY_LENGTH];
    PointListHeader Polygon;
 
    /* Draw each visible face (polygon) of the object in turn */
-   for (i=0; i&ltNumFaces; i++, FacePtr++) {
+   for (i=0; i&lt;NumFaces; i++, FacePtr++) {
-      NumVertices = FacePtr-&gtNumVerts;
+      NumVertices = FacePtr-&gt;NumVerts;
       /* Copy over the face's vertices from the vertex list */
-      for (j=0, VertNumsPtr=FacePtr-&gtVertNums; j&ltNumVertices; j++)
+      for (j=0, VertNumsPtr=FacePtr-&gt;VertNums; j&lt;NumVertices; j++)
          Vertices[j] = ScreenPoints[*VertNumsPtr++];
       /* Draw only if outside face showing (if the normal to the
          polygon points toward viewer; that is, has a positive Z component) */
@@ -101,40 +101,40 @@ void DrawPObject(PObject * ObjectToXform)
       w1 = Vertices[NumVertices-1].X - Vertices[0].X;
       v2 = Vertices[1].Y - Vertices[0].Y;
       w2 = Vertices[NumVertices-1].Y - Vertices[0].Y;
-      if ((v1*w2 - v2*w1) &gt 0) {
+      if ((v1*w2 - v2*w1) &gt; 0) {
          /* It is facing the screen, so draw */
          /* Appropriately adjust the extent of the rectangle used to
             erase this object later */
-         for (j=0; j&ltNumVertices; j++) {
+         for (j=0; j&lt;NumVertices; j++) {
-            if (Vertices[j].X &gt
+            if (Vertices[j].X &gt;
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right)
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right)
-               if (Vertices[j].X &lt SCREEN_WIDTH)
+               if (Vertices[j].X &lt; SCREEN_WIDTH)
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right =
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right =
                         Vertices[j].X;
-               else ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right =
+               else ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Right =
                      SCREEN_WIDTH;
-            if (Vertices[j].Y &gt
+            if (Vertices[j].Y &gt;
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom)
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom)
-               if (Vertices[j].Y &lt SCREEN_HEIGHT)
+               if (Vertices[j].Y &lt; SCREEN_HEIGHT)
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom =
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom =
                         Vertices[j].Y;
-               else ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom=
+               else ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Bottom=
                      SCREEN_HEIGHT;
-            if (Vertices[j].X &lt
+            if (Vertices[j].X &lt;
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left)
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left)
-               if (Vertices[j].X &gt 0)
+               if (Vertices[j].X &gt; 0)
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left =
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left =
                         Vertices[j].X;
-               else ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left=0;
+               else ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Left=0;
-            if (Vertices[j].Y &lt
+            if (Vertices[j].Y &lt;
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top)
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top)
-               if (Vertices[j].Y &gt 0)
+               if (Vertices[j].Y &gt; 0)
-                  ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top =
+                  ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top =
                         Vertices[j].Y;
-               else ObjectToXform-&gtEraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top=0;
+               else ObjectToXform-&gt;EraseRect[NonDisplayedPage].Top=0;
          }
          /* Draw the polygon */
-         DRAW_POLYGON(Vertices, NumVertices, FacePtr-&gtColor, 0, 0);
+         DRAW_POLYGON(Vertices, NumVertices, FacePtr-&gt;Color, 0, 0);
       }
    }
 }

52-05.html

@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@
 <PRE>
 /* Initializes the cubes and adds them to the object list. */
 
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include &lt;math.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;polygon.h&rdquo;
 
 #define ROT_6  (M_PI / 30.0)     /* rotate 6 degrees at a time */
@@ -99,64 +99,64 @@ void InitializeCubes()
    int i, j, k;
    PObject *WorkingCube;
 
-   for (i=0; i&ltNUM_CUBES; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i&lt;NUM_CUBES; i++) {
       if ((WorkingCube = malloc(sizeof(PObject))) == NULL) {
          printf(&ldquo;Couldn't get memory\n&rdquo;); exit(1); }
-      WorkingCube-&gtDrawFunc = DrawPObject;
+      WorkingCube-&gt;DrawFunc = DrawPObject;
-      WorkingCube-&gtRecalcFunc = XformAndProjectPObject;
+      WorkingCube-&gt;RecalcFunc = XformAndProjectPObject;
-      WorkingCube-&gtMoveFunc = RotateAndMovePObject;
+      WorkingCube-&gt;MoveFunc = RotateAndMovePObject;
-      WorkingCube-&gtRecalcXform = 1;
+      WorkingCube-&gt;RecalcXform = 1;
-      for (k=0; k&lt2; k++) {
+      for (k=0; k&lt;2; k++) {
-         WorkingCube-&gtEraseRect[k].Left =
+         WorkingCube-&gt;EraseRect[k].Left =
-            WorkingCube-&gtEraseRect[k].Top = 0x7FFF;
+            WorkingCube-&gt;EraseRect[k].Top = 0x7FFF;
-         WorkingCube-&gtEraseRect[k].Right = 0;
+         WorkingCube-&gt;EraseRect[k].Right = 0;
-         WorkingCube-&gtEraseRect[k].Bottom = 0;
+         WorkingCube-&gt;EraseRect[k].Bottom = 0;
       }
-      WorkingCube-&gtRDelayCount = InitRDelayCounts[i];
+      WorkingCube-&gt;RDelayCount = InitRDelayCounts[i];
-      WorkingCube-&gtRDelayCountBase = BaseRDelayCounts[i];
+      WorkingCube-&gt;RDelayCountBase = BaseRDelayCounts[i];
-      WorkingCube-&gtMDelayCount = InitMDelayCounts[i];
+      WorkingCube-&gt;MDelayCount = InitMDelayCounts[i];
-      WorkingCube-&gtMDelayCountBase = BaseMDelayCounts[i];
+      WorkingCube-&gt;MDelayCountBase = BaseMDelayCounts[i];
-      /* Set the object-&gtworld xform to none */
+      /* Set the object-&gt;world xform to none */
-      for (j=0; j&lt3; j++)
+      for (j=0; j&lt;3; j++)
-         for (k=0; k&lt4; k++)
+         for (k=0; k&lt;4; k++)
-            WorkingCube-&gtXformToWorld[j][k] = INT_TO_FIXED(0);
+            WorkingCube-&gt;XformToWorld[j][k] = INT_TO_FIXED(0);
-      WorkingCube-&gtXformToWorld[0][0] =
+      WorkingCube-&gt;XformToWorld[0][0] =
-         WorkingCube-&gtXformToWorld[1][1] =
+         WorkingCube-&gt;XformToWorld[1][1] =
-         WorkingCube-&gtXformToWorld[2][2] =
+         WorkingCube-&gt;XformToWorld[2][2] =
-         WorkingCube-&gtXformToWorld[3][3] = INT_TO_FIXED(1);
+         WorkingCube-&gt;XformToWorld[3][3] = INT_TO_FIXED(1);
       /* Set the initial location */
-      for (j=0; j&lt3; j++) WorkingCube-&gtXformToWorld[j][3] =
+      for (j=0; j&lt;3; j++) WorkingCube-&gt;XformToWorld[j][3] =
             INT_TO_FIXED(CubeStartCoords[i][j]);
-      WorkingCube-&gtNumVerts = NUM_CUBE_VERTS;
+      WorkingCube-&gt;NumVerts = NUM_CUBE_VERTS;
-      WorkingCube-&gtVertexList = CubeVerts;
+      WorkingCube-&gt;VertexList = CubeVerts;
-      WorkingCube-&gtNumFaces = NUM_CUBE_FACES;
+      WorkingCube-&gt;NumFaces = NUM_CUBE_FACES;
-      WorkingCube-&gtRotate = InitialRotate[i];
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Rotate = InitialRotate[i];
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MoveX = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MoveX);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MoveX = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MoveX);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MoveY = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MoveY);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MoveY = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MoveY);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MoveZ = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MoveZ);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MoveZ = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MoveZ);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MinX = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MinX);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MinX = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MinX);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MinY = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MinY);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MinY = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MinY);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MinZ = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MinZ);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MinZ = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MinZ);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MaxX = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MaxX);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MaxX = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MaxX);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MaxY = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MaxY);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MaxY = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MaxY);
-      WorkingCube-&gtMove.MaxZ = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MaxZ);
+      WorkingCube-&gt;Move.MaxZ = INT_TO_FIXED(InitialMove[i].MaxZ);
-      if ((WorkingCube-&gtXformedVertexList =
+      if ((WorkingCube-&gt;XformedVertexList =
             malloc(NUM_CUBE_VERTS*sizeof(Point3))) == NULL) {
          printf(&ldquo;Couldn't get memory\n&rdquo;); exit(1); }
-      if ((WorkingCube-&gtProjectedVertexList =
+      if ((WorkingCube-&gt;ProjectedVertexList =
             malloc(NUM_CUBE_VERTS*sizeof(Point3))) == NULL) {
          printf(&ldquo;Couldn't get memory\n&rdquo;); exit(1); }
-      if ((WorkingCube-&gtScreenVertexList =
+      if ((WorkingCube-&gt;ScreenVertexList =
             malloc(NUM_CUBE_VERTS*sizeof(Point))) == NULL) {
          printf(&ldquo;Couldn't get memory\n&rdquo;); exit(1); }
-      if ((WorkingCube-&gtFaceList =
+      if ((WorkingCube-&gt;FaceList =
             malloc(NUM_CUBE_FACES*sizeof(Face))) == NULL) {
          printf(&ldquo;Couldn't get memory\n&rdquo;); exit(1); }
       /* Initialize the faces */
-      for (j=0; j&ltNUM_CUBE_FACES; j++) {
+      for (j=0; j&lt;NUM_CUBE_FACES; j++) {
-         WorkingCube-&gtFaceList[j].VertNums = VertNumList[j];
+         WorkingCube-&gt;FaceList[j].VertNums = VertNumList[j];
-         WorkingCube-&gtFaceList[j].NumVerts = VertsInFace[j];
+         WorkingCube-&gt;FaceList[j].NumVerts = VertsInFace[j];
-         WorkingCube-&gtFaceList[j].Color = Colors[i][j];
+         WorkingCube-&gt;FaceList[j].Color = Colors[i][j];
       }
       ObjectList[NumObjects++] = (Object *)WorkingCube;
    }

52-06.html

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
         public  _FixedMul,_FixedDiv
 ; Multiplies two fixed-point values together.
 FMparms struc
-        dw      2 dup(?)          ;return address &amp pushed BP
+        dw      2 dup(?)          ;return address & pushed BP
 M1      dd      ?
 M2      dd      ?
 FMparms ends
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ _FixedMul       proc    near
 _FixedMul       endp
 ; Divides one fixed-point value by another.
 FDparms struc
-         dw     2 dup(?)          ;return address &amp pushed BP
+         dw     2 dup(?)          ;return address & pushed BP
 Dividend dd     ?
 Divisor  dd     ?
 FDparms ends
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ _FixedDiv       endp
    Color with all vertices offset by (X,Y) */
 #define DRAW_POLYGON(PointList,NumPoints,Color,X,Y)          \
    Polygon.Length = NumPoints; Polygon.PointPtr = PointList; \
-   FillConvexPolygon(&ampPolygon, Color, X, Y);
+   FillConvexPolygon(&Polygon, Color, X, Y);
-#define INT_TO_FIXED(x) (((long)(int)x) &lt&lt 16)
+#define INT_TO_FIXED(x) (((long)(int)x) << 16)
 #define DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(x) ((long) (x * 65536.0 + 0.5))
 
 typedef long Fixedpoint;
@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ typedef struct {
    BASE_OBJECT
    int RDelayCount, RDelayCountBase; /* controls rotation speed */
    int MDelayCount, MDelayCountBase; /* controls movement speed */
-   Xform XformToWorld;        /* transform from object-&gtworld space */
+   Xform XformToWorld;        /* transform from object->world space */
-   Xform XformToView;         /* transform from object-&gtview space */
+   Xform XformToView;         /* transform from object->view space */
    RotateControl Rotate;      /* controls rotation change over time */
    MoveControl Move;          /* controls object movement over time */
    int NumVerts;              /* # vertices in VertexList */

53-02.html

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ALIGNMENT        equ    2
 ;     Fixedpoint FixedMul(Fixedpoint M1, Fixedpoint M2);
 ;     Fixedpoint FixedDiv(Fixedpoint Dividend, Fixedpoint Divisor);
 FMparms struc
-            dw   2 dup(?)      ;return address &amp pushed BP
+            dw   2 dup(?)      ;return address & pushed BP
 M1          dd   ?
 M2          dd   ?
 FMparms     ends
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ endif ;ROUNDING-ON
 ; C near-callable as:
 ;     Fixedpoint FixedDiv(Fixedpoint Dividend, Fixedpoint Divisor);
 FDparms struc
-           dw    2 dup(?)       ;return address &amp pushed BP
+           dw    2 dup(?)       ;return address & pushed BP
 Dividend   dd    ?
 Divisor    dd    ?
 FDparms    ends
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ CosTable label dword
 include costable.inc
 
 SCparms struc
-            dw    2 dup(?)    ;return address &amp pushed BP
+            dw    2 dup(?)    ;return address & pushed BP
-Angle       dw    ?           ;angle to calculate sine &amp cosine for
+Angle       dw    ?           ;angle to calculate sine & cosine for
 Cos         dw    ?           ;pointer to cos destination
 Sin         dw    ?           ;pointer to sin destination
 SCparms ends
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ ret
 ;     WorkingXform[i][3];   /* no need to multiply by W = 1 */
 
 XVparms struc
-               dw    2 dup(?)   ;return address &amp pushed BP
+               dw    2 dup(?)   ;return address & pushed BP
 WorkingXform   dw    ?          ;pointer to transform matrix
 SourceVec      dw    ?          ;pointer to source vector
 DestVec        dw    ?          ;pointer to destination vector
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ ret
 ;   }
 
 CXparms struc
-             dw     2 dup(?)         ;return address &amp pushed BP
+             dw     2 dup(?)         ;return address & pushed BP
 SourceXform1 dw     ?                ;pointer to first source xform matrix
 SourceXform2  dw    ?                ;pointer to second source xform matrix
 DestXform     dw    ?                ;pointer to destination xform matrix
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ endif ;ROUNDING-ON
        add    ecx,eax           ;running total
 
        mov[di+coff+roff],ecx    ;save the result in dest matrix
-coff=coff+4                     ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+coff=coff+4                     ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
 ENDM
                                ;now do the fourth column, assuming
                                ; 1 as the bottom entry, causing
@@ -415,9 +415,9 @@ addecx,eax;running total
 addecx,[si+roff+12];add in translation
 
 mov[di+coff+roff],ecx;save the result in dest matrix
-coff=coff+4                ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+coff=coff+4                ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
 
-roff=roff+16                ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+roff=roff+16                ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
 ENDM
 
 popdi;restore register variables

53-04.html

@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@
   terminate searches */
 void InitializeObjectList()
 {
-   ObjectListStart.NextObject = &ampObjectListEnd;
+   ObjectListStart.NextObject = &ObjectListEnd;
    ObjectListStart.PreviousObject = NULL;
    ObjectListStart.CenterInView.Z = INT-TO-FIXED(-32768);
    ObjectListEnd.NextObject = NULL;
-   ObjectListEnd.PreviousObject = &ampObjectListStart;
+   ObjectListEnd.PreviousObject = &ObjectListStart;
    ObjectListEnd.CenterInView.Z = 0x7FFFFFFFL;
    NumObjects = 0;
 }

54-02.html

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ ALIGNMENT          equ       2
 ; C near-callable as:
 ;     Fixedpoint FixedMul(Fixedpoint M1, Fixedpoint M2);
 FMparms struc
-            dw     2 dup(?)        ;return address &amp pushed BP
+            dw     2 dup(?)        ;return address & pushed BP
 M1          dd     ?
 M2          dd     ?
 FMparms ends
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ _FixedMul   endp
 ; C near-callable as:
 ;       Fixedpoint FixedDiv(Fixedpoint Dividend, Fixedpoint Divisor);
 FDparms struc
-         dw      2    dup(?)       ;return address &amp pushed BP
+         dw      2    dup(?)       ;return address & pushed BP
 Dividend dd?
 Divisor  dd?
 FDparms ends
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ CosTable label dword
       include costable.inc
 
 SCparms struc
-           dw    2 dup(?)              ;return address &amp pushed BP
+           dw    2 dup(?)              ;return address & pushed BP
-Angle      dw    ?                     ;angle to calculate sine &amp cosine for
+Angle      dw    ?                     ;angle to calculate sine & cosine for
 Cos        dw    ?                     ;pointer to cos destination
 Sin        dw    ?                     ;pointer to sin destination
 SCparms    ends
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ _CosSin    endp
 ;           WorkingXform[i][3];   /* no need to multiply by W = 1 */
 
 XVparms struc
-                 dw    2 dup(?)          ;return address &amp pushed BP
+                 dw    2 dup(?)          ;return address & pushed BP
 WorkingXform     dw    ?                 ;pointer to transform matrix
 SourceVec        dw    ?                 ;pointer to source vector
 DestVec          dw    ?                 ;pointer to destination vector
@@ -502,40 +502,40 @@ FIXED-MUL MACRO M1,M2
                                          ;figure out signs, so we can use
                                          ; unsigned multiplies
      sub   cx,cx                         ;assume both operands positive
-     mov   bx,word ptr [&ampM1&amp+2]
+     mov   bx,word ptr [&M1&+2]
      and   bx,bx                         ;first operand negative?
      jns   CheckSecondOperand            ;no
      neg   bx                            ;yes, so negate first operand
-     neg   word ptr [&ampM1&amp]
+     neg   word ptr [&M1&]
      sbb   bx,0
-     mov   word ptr [&ampM1&amp+2],bx
+     mov   word ptr [&M1&+2],bx
      inc   cx                            ;mark that first operand is negative
 CheckSecondOperand:
-     mov   bx,word ptr [&ampM2&amp+2]
+     mov   bx,word ptr [&M2&+2]
      and   bx,bx                         ;second operand negative?
      jns   SaveSignStatus                ;no
      neg   bx                            ;yes, so negate second operand
-     neg   word ptr [&ampM2&amp]
+     neg   word ptr [&M2&]
      sbb   bx,0
-     mov   word ptr [&ampM2&amp+2],bx
+     mov   word ptr [&M2&+2],bx
      xor   cx,1                          ;mark that second operand is negative
 SaveSignStatus:
      push   cx                           ;remember sign of result; 1 if result
                                          ; negative, 0 if result nonnegative
-     mov   ax,word ptr [&ampM1&amp+2]    ;high word times high word
+     mov   ax,word ptr [&M1&+2]    ;high word times high word
-     mul   word ptr [&ampM2&amp+2]
+     mul   word ptr [&M2&+2]
      mov   cx,ax           ;
                                          ;assume no overflow into DX
-     mov   ax,word ptr [&ampM1&amp+2]    ;high word times low word
+     mov   ax,word ptr [&M1&+2]    ;high word times low word
-     mul   word ptr [&ampM2&amp]
+     mul   word ptr [&M2&]
      mov   bx,ax
      add   cx,dx
-     mov   ax,word ptr [&ampM1&amp]      ;low word times high word
+     mov   ax,word ptr [&M1&]      ;low word times high word
-     mul   word ptr [&ampM2&amp+2]
+     mul   word ptr [&M2&+2]
      add   bx,ax
      adc   cx,dx
-     mov   ax,word ptr [&ampM1&amp]      ;low word times low word
+     mov   ax,word ptr [&M1&]      ;low word times low word
-     mul   word ptr [&ampM2&amp]
+     mul   word ptr [&M2&]
 if MUL-ROUNDING-ON
      add   ax,8000h                      ;round by adding 2^(-17)
   adc   bx,dx
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ _XformVecendp
 ;   }
 
 CXparms struc
-                  dw    2 dup(?)       ;return address &amp pushed BP
+                  dw    2 dup(?)       ;return address & pushed BP
 SourceXform1      dw    ?              ;pointer to first source xform matrix
 SourceXform2      dw    ?              ;pointer to second source xform matrix
 DestXform         dw    ?              ;pointer to destination xform matrix
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ endif ;MUL-ROUNDING-ON
           add     ecx,eax               ;running total
 
           mov     [di+coff+roff],ecx    ;save the result in dest matrix
-coff=coff+4                             ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+coff=coff+4                             ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
           ENDM
 ;now do the fourth column, assuming
 ; 1 as the bottom entry, causing
@@ -781,9 +781,9 @@ endif ;MUL-ROUNDING-ON
           add     ecx,[si+roff+12]       ;add in translation
 
           mov     [di+coff+roff],ecx     ;save the result in dest matrix
-coff=coff+4                              ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+coff=coff+4                              ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
 
-roff=roff+16                             ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+roff=roff+16                             ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
           ENDM
 
 else ;!USE386
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ addsp,8;clear parameters from stack
           pop     bx                      ;restore DestXForm pointer
           mov     [bx+coff+roff],cx       ;save the result in dest matrix
           mov     [bx+coff+roff+2],bp
-coff=coff+4                               ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+coff=coff+4                               ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
           ENDM
 ;now do the fourth column, assuming
 ; 1 as the bottom entry, causing
@@ -883,9 +883,9 @@ coff=coff+4                               ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
           pop     bx                      ;restore DestXForm pointer
           mov     [bx+coff+roff],cx       ;save the result in dest matrix
           mov     [bx+coff+roff+2],bp
-coff=coff+4                               ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+coff=coff+4                               ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
 
-roff=roff+16                              ;point to next col in xform2 &amp dest
+roff=roff+16                              ;point to next col in xform2 & dest
           ENDM
 
           pop    bp                       ;restore stack frame pointer

54-04.html

@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ void DrawPObject(PObject * ObjectToXform)
          must be the first and second entries in the polgyon's vertex list.
          Note that the second point is also an active polygon vertex */
       VertNumsPtr = FacePtr->VertNums;
-      NormalEndpoint = &ampObjectToXform->XformedVertexList[*VertNumsPtr++];
+      NormalEndpoint = &ObjectToXform->XformedVertexList[*VertNumsPtr++];
-      NormalStartpoint = &ampObjectToXform->XformedVertexList[*VertNumsPtr];
+      NormalStartpoint = &ObjectToXform->XformedVertexList[*VertNumsPtr];
       /* Copy over the face's vertices from the vertex list */
       NumVertices = FacePtr->NumVerts;
       for (j=0; j<NumVertices; j++)
@@ -118,14 +118,14 @@ void DrawPObject(PObject * ObjectToXform)
          } else {
             /* Handle shading */
             /* Do ambient shading, if enabled */
-            if (AmbientOn &amp&amp (FacePtr->ShadingType &amp AMBIENT-SHADING)) {
+            if (AmbientOn && (FacePtr->ShadingType & AMBIENT-SHADING)) {
                /* Use the ambient shading component */
                IntensityTemp = AmbientIntensity;
             } else {
                SET-INTENSITY(IntensityTemp, 0, 0, 0);
             }
             /* Do diffuse shading, if enabled */
-            if (FacePtr->ShadingType &amp DIFFUSE-SHADING) {
+            if (FacePtr->ShadingType & DIFFUSE-SHADING) {
                /* Calculate the unit normal for this polygon, for use in dot
                   products */
                UnitNormal.X = NormalEndpoint->X - NormalStartpoint->X;
@@ -155,12 +155,12 @@ void DrawPObject(PObject * ObjectToXform)
             }
             /* Convert the drawing color to the desired fraction of the
                brightest possible color */
-            IntensityAdjustColor(&ampColorTemp, &ampFacePtr->FullColor,
+            IntensityAdjustColor(&ColorTemp, &FacePtr->FullColor,
-                  &ampIntensityTemp);
+                  &IntensityTemp);
             /* Draw with the cumulative shading, converting from the general
                color representation to the best-match color index */
             DRAW-POLYGON(Vertices, NumVertices,
-                  ModelColorToColorIndex(&ampColorTemp), 0, 0);
+                  ModelColorToColorIndex(&ColorTemp), 0, 0);
          }
       }
    }

55-02.html

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
     even intensity steps on the screen.
  */
 
- #include &ltdos.h&gt
+ #include <dos.h>
  #include "polygon.h"
 
  static unsigned char Gamma4Levels[] = { 0, 39, 53, 63 };
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@
     union REGS regset;
     struct SREGS sregset;
 
-    for (Red=0; Red&lt4; Red++) {
+    for (Red=0; Red<4; Red++) {
-       for (Green=0; Green&lt4; Green++) {
+       for (Green=0; Green<4; Green++) {
-          for (Blue=0; Blue&lt4; Blue++) {
+          for (Blue=0; Blue<4; Blue++) {
-             Index = (Red&lt&lt4)+(Green&lt&lt2)+Blue;
+             Index = (Red<<4)+(Green<<2)+Blue;
              PaletteBlock[Index][0] = Gamma4Levels[Red];
              PaletteBlock[Index][1] = Gamma4Levels[Green];
              PaletteBlock[Index][2] = Gamma4Levels[Blue];
@@ -100,19 +100,19 @@
        }
     }
 
-    for (Red=0; Red&lt64; Red++) {
+    for (Red=0; Red<64; Red++) {
        PaletteBlock[64+Red][0] = Gamma64Levels[Red];
        PaletteBlock[64+Red][1] = 0;
        PaletteBlock[64+Red][2] = 0;
     }
 
-    for (Green=0; Green&lt64; Green++) {
+    for (Green=0; Green<64; Green++) {
        PaletteBlock[128+Green][0] = 0;
        PaletteBlock[128+Green][1] = Gamma64Levels[Green];
        PaletteBlock[128+Green][2] = 0;
     }
 
-    for (Blue=0; Blue&lt64; Blue++) {
+    for (Blue=0; Blue<64; Blue++) {
        PaletteBlock[192+Blue][0] = 0;
        PaletteBlock[192+Blue][1] = 0;
        PaletteBlock[192+Blue][2] = Gamma64Levels[Blue];
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
     regset.x.dx = (unsigned int)PaletteBlock; /* offset of array from which
                                                  to load RGB settings */
     sregset.es = DS; /* segment of array from which to load settings */
-    int86x(0x10, &ampregset, &ampregset, &ampsregset); /* load the palette block */
+    int86x(0x10, &regset, &regset, &sregset); /* load the palette block */
  }
 </PRE>
 <!-- END CODE //-->

55-03.html

@@ -44,22 +44,22 @@
     special-cased, and everything else is handled by a 2-2-2 model. */
  int ModelColorToColorIndex(ModelColor * Color)
  {
-    if (Color-&gtRed == 0) {
+    if (Color->Red == 0) {
-       if (Color-&gtGreen == 0) {
+       if (Color->Green == 0) {
           /* Pure blue */
-          return(192+(Color-&gtBlue &gt&gt 2));
+          return(192+(Color->Blue >> 2));
-       } else if (Color-&gtBlue == 0) {
+       } else if (Color->Blue == 0) {
           /* Pure green */
-          return(128+(Color-&gtGreen &gt&gt 2));
+          return(128+(Color->Green >> 2));
        }
-    } else if ((Color-&gtGreen == 0) &amp&amp (Color-&gtBlue == 0)) {
+    } else if ((Color->Green == 0) && (Color->Blue == 0)) {
        /* Pure red */
-       return(64+(Color-&gtRed &gt&gt 2));
+       return(64+(Color->Red >> 2));
     }
     /* Multi-color mix; look up the index with the two most significant bits
        of each color component */
-    return(((Color-&gtRed &amp 0xC0) &gt&gt 2) | ((Color-&gtGreen &amp 0xC0) &gt&gt 4) |
+    return(((Color->Red & 0xC0) >> 2) | ((Color->Green & 0xC0) >> 4) |
-          ((Color-&gtBlue &amp 0xC0) &gt&gt 6));
+          ((Color->Blue & 0xC0) >> 6));
  }
 
 </PRE>

55-04.html

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
  ; Demonstrates drawing solid text on the VGA, using the BitMan’s write mode
  ; 3-based, one-pass technique.
 
- CHAR_HEIGHT     equ 8                ;# of scan lines per character (must be &lt256)
+ CHAR_HEIGHT     equ 8                ;# of scan lines per character (must be <256)
  SCREEN_HEIGHT   equ 480              ;# of scan lines per screen
  SCREEN_SEGMENT  equ 0a000h           ;where screen memory is
  FG_COLOR        equ 14               ;text color
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@
        .stack    200h
        .data
  Line            dw ?                ;current line #
- CharHeight      dw ?                ;# of scan lines in each character (must be &lt256)
+ CharHeight      dw ?                ;# of scan lines in each character (must be <256)
  MaxLines        dw ?                ;max # of scan lines of text that will fit on screen
  LineWidthBytes  dw ?                ;offset from one scan line to the next
  FontPtr         dd ?                ;pointer to font with which to draw
  SampleString    label              byte
        db  ‘ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ’
        db  ‘abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz’
-       db  ‘0123456789!@#$%^&amp*(),&lt.&gt/?;:’,0
+       db  ‘0123456789!@#$%^&*(),<.>/?;:’,0
 
       .code
  start:

56-03.html

@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@
    texture mapped onto it */
 #define DRAW_TEXTURED_POLYGON(PointList,NumPoints,TexVerts,TexMap) \
    Polygon.Length = NumPoints; Polygon.PointPtr = PointList;       \
-   DrawTexturedPolygon(&ampPolygon, TexVerts, TexMap);
+   DrawTexturedPolygon(&Polygon, TexVerts, TexMap);
-#define FIXED_TO_INT(FixedVal) ((int) (FixedVal &gt&gt 16))
+#define FIXED_TO_INT(FixedVal) ((int) (FixedVal >> 16))
 #define ROUND_FIXED_TO_INT(FixedVal) \
-   ((int) ((FixedVal + DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(0.5)) &gt&gt 16))
+   ((int) ((FixedVal + DOUBLE_TO_FIXED(0.5)) >> 16))
 /* Retrieves specified pixel from specified image bitmap of specified width. */
 #define GET_IMAGE_PIXEL(TexMapBits, TexMapWidth, X, Y) \
    TexMapBits[(Y * TexMapWidth) + X]
@@ -97,10 +97,10 @@ extern void DrawTexturedPolygon(PointListHeader *, Point *, TextureMap *);
    “Convex” means that every horizontal line drawn through the polygon at any
    point would cross exactly two active edges (neither horizontal lines nor 
    zero-length edges count as active edges; both are acceptable anywhere in 
-   the polygon), and that the right &amp left edges never cross. Nonconvex 
+   the polygon), and that the right & left edges never cross. Nonconvex 
    polygons won’t be drawn properly. Can’t fail. */
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
-#include &ltmath.h&gt
+#include <math.h>
 #include “polygon.h”
 /* Describes the current location and stepping, in both the source and
    the destination, of an edge */
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ void DrawTexturedPolygon(PointListHeader * Polygon, Point * TexVerts,
 {
    int MinY, MaxY, MinVert, i;
    EdgeScan LeftEdge, RightEdge;
-   NumVerts = Polygon-&gtLength;
+   NumVerts = Polygon->Length;
-   VertexPtr = Polygon-&gtPointPtr;
+   VertexPtr = Polygon->PointPtr;
    TexVertsPtr = TexVerts;
-   TexMapBits = TexMap-&gtTexMapBits;
+   TexMapBits = TexMap->TexMapBits;
-   TexMapWidth = TexMap-&gtTexMapWidth;
+   TexMapWidth = TexMap->TexMapWidth;
    /* Nothing to draw if less than 3 vertices */
-   if (NumVerts &lt 3) {
+   if (NumVerts < 3) {
       return;
    }
    /* Scan through the destination polygon vertices and find the top of the
@@ -158,18 +158,18 @@ void DrawTexturedPolygon(PointListHeader * Polygon, Point * TexVerts,
       backface removal) */
    MinY = 32767;
    MaxY = -32768;
-   for (i=0; i&ltNumVerts; i++) {
+   for (i=0; i<NumVerts; i++) {
-      if (VertexPtr[i].Y &lt MinY) {
+      if (VertexPtr[i].Y < MinY) {
          MinY = VertexPtr[i].Y;
          MinVert = i;
       }
-      if (VertexPtr[i].Y &gt MaxY) {
+      if (VertexPtr[i].Y > MaxY) {
          MaxY = VertexPtr[i].Y;
          MaxVert = i;
       }
    }
    /* Reject flat (0-pixel-high) polygons */
-   if (MinY &gt= MaxY) {
+   if (MinY >= MaxY) {
       return;
    }
    /* The destination Y coordinate is not edge specific; it applies to
@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ void DrawTexturedPolygon(PointListHeader * Polygon, Point * TexVerts,
       by one in Y, so calculate the corresponding destination X step for
       each edge, and then the corresponding source image X and Y steps */
    LeftEdge.Direction = -1;   /* set up left edge first */
-   SetUpEdge(&ampLeftEdge, MinVert);
+   SetUpEdge(&LeftEdge, MinVert);
    RightEdge.Direction = 1;   /* set up right edge */
-   SetUpEdge(&ampRightEdge, MinVert);
+   SetUpEdge(&RightEdge, MinVert);
    /* Step down destination edges one scan line at a time. At each scan
       line, find the corresponding edge points in the source image. Scan
       between the edge points in the source, drawing the corresponding
@@ -192,20 +192,20 @@ void DrawTexturedPolygon(PointListHeader * Polygon, Point * TexVerts,
       in clockwise order as seen from the viewpoint) */
    for (;;) {
       /* Done if off bottom of clip rectangle */
-      if (DestY &gt= ClipMaxY) {
+      if (DestY >= ClipMaxY) {
          return;
       }
       /* Draw only if inside Y bounds of clip rectangle */
-      if (DestY &gt= ClipMinY) {
+      if (DestY >= ClipMinY) {
          /* Draw the scan line between the two current edges */
-         ScanOutLine(&ampLeftEdge, &ampRightEdge);
+         ScanOutLine(&LeftEdge, &RightEdge);
       }
       /* Advance the source and destination polygon edges, ending if we’ve
          scanned all the way to the bottom of the polygon */
-      if (!StepEdge(&ampLeftEdge)) {
+      if (!StepEdge(&LeftEdge)) {
          break;
       }
-      if (!StepEdge(&ampRightEdge)) {
+      if (!StepEdge(&RightEdge)) {
          break;
       }
       DestY++;
@@ -218,28 +218,28 @@ int StepEdge(EdgeScan * Edge)
 {
    /* Count off the scan line we stepped last time; if this edge is
       finished, try to start another one */
-   if (--Edge-&gtRemainingScans == 0) {
+   if (--Edge->RemainingScans == 0) {
       /* Set up the next edge; done if there is no next edge */
-      if (SetUpEdge(Edge, Edge-&gtCurrentEnd) == 0) {
+      if (SetUpEdge(Edge, Edge->CurrentEnd) == 0) {
          return(0);  /* no more edges; done drawing polygon */
       }
       return(1);     /* all set to draw the new edge */
    }
    /* Step the current source edge */
-   Edge-&gtSourceX += Edge-&gtSourceStepX;
+   Edge->SourceX += Edge->SourceStepX;
-   Edge-&gtSourceY += Edge-&gtSourceStepY;
+   Edge->SourceY += Edge->SourceStepY;
    /* Step dest X with Bresenham-style variables, to get precise dest pixel
       placement and avoid gaps */
-   Edge-&gtDestX += Edge-&gtDestXIntStep;  /* whole pixel step */
+   Edge->DestX += Edge->DestXIntStep;  /* whole pixel step */
    /* Do error term stuff for fractional pixel X step handling */
-   if ((Edge-&gtDestXErrTerm += Edge-&gtDestXAdjUp) &gt 0) {
+   if ((Edge->DestXErrTerm += Edge->DestXAdjUp) > 0) {
-      Edge-&gtDestX += Edge-&gtDestXDirection;
+      Edge->DestX += Edge->DestXDirection;
-      Edge-&gtDestXErrTerm -= Edge-&gtDestXAdjDown;
+      Edge->DestXErrTerm -= Edge->DestXAdjDown;
    }
    return(1);
 }
 /* Sets up an edge to be scanned; the edge starts at StartVert and proceeds
-   in direction Edge-&gtDirection through the vertex list. Edge-&gtDirection must
+   in direction Edge->Direction through the vertex list. Edge->Direction must
    be set prior to call; -1 to scan a left edge (backward through the vertex
    list), 1 to scan a right edge (forward through the vertex list).
    Automatically skips over 0-height edges. Returns 1 for success, or 0 if
@@ -255,41 +255,41 @@ int SetUpEdge(EdgeScan * Edge, int StartVert)
       }
       /* Advance to the next vertex, wrapping if we run off the start or end
          of the vertex list */
-      NextVert = StartVert + Edge-&gtDirection;
+      NextVert = StartVert + Edge->Direction;
-      if (NextVert &gt= NumVerts) {
+      if (NextVert >= NumVerts) {
          NextVert = 0;
-      } else if (NextVert &lt 0) {
+      } else if (NextVert < 0) {
          NextVert = NumVerts - 1;
       }
       /* Calculate the variables for this edge and done if this is not a
          zero-height edge */
-      if ((Edge-&gtRemainingScans =
+      if ((Edge->RemainingScans =
             VertexPtr[NextVert].Y - VertexPtr[StartVert].Y) != 0) {
-         DestYHeight = INT_TO_FIXED(Edge-&gtRemainingScans);
+         DestYHeight = INT_TO_FIXED(Edge->RemainingScans);
-         Edge-&gtCurrentEnd = NextVert;
+         Edge->CurrentEnd = NextVert;
-         Edge-&gtSourceX = INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[StartVert].X);
+         Edge->SourceX = INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[StartVert].X);
-         Edge-&gtSourceY = INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[StartVert].Y);
+         Edge->SourceY = INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[StartVert].Y);
-         Edge-&gtSourceStepX = FixedDiv(INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[NextVert].X) -
+         Edge->SourceStepX = FixedDiv(INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[NextVert].X) -
-               Edge-&gtSourceX, DestYHeight);
+               Edge->SourceX, DestYHeight);
-         Edge-&gtSourceStepY = FixedDiv(INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[NextVert].Y) -
+         Edge->SourceStepY = FixedDiv(INT_TO_FIXED(TexVertsPtr[NextVert].Y) -
-               Edge-&gtSourceY, DestYHeight);
+               Edge->SourceY, DestYHeight);
          /* Set up Bresenham-style variables for dest X stepping */
-         Edge-&gtDestX = VertexPtr[StartVert].X;
+         Edge->DestX = VertexPtr[StartVert].X;
          if ((DestXWidth =
-               (VertexPtr[NextVert].X - VertexPtr[StartVert].X)) &lt 0) {
+               (VertexPtr[NextVert].X - VertexPtr[StartVert].X)) < 0) {
             /* Set up for drawing right to left */
-            Edge-&gtDestXDirection = -1;
+            Edge->DestXDirection = -1;
             DestXWidth = -DestXWidth;
-            Edge-&gtDestXErrTerm = 1 - Edge-&gtRemainingScans;
+            Edge->DestXErrTerm = 1 - Edge->RemainingScans;
-            Edge-&gtDestXIntStep = -(DestXWidth / Edge-&gtRemainingScans);
+            Edge->DestXIntStep = -(DestXWidth / Edge->RemainingScans);
          } else {
             /* Set up for drawing left to right */
-            Edge-&gtDestXDirection = 1;
+            Edge->DestXDirection = 1;
-            Edge-&gtDestXErrTerm = 0;
+            Edge->DestXErrTerm = 0;
-            Edge-&gtDestXIntStep = DestXWidth / Edge-&gtRemainingScans;
+            Edge->DestXIntStep = DestXWidth / Edge->RemainingScans;
          }
-         Edge-&gtDestXAdjUp = DestXWidth % Edge-&gtRemainingScans;
+         Edge->DestXAdjUp = DestXWidth % Edge->RemainingScans;
-         Edge-&gtDestXAdjDown = Edge-&gtRemainingScans;
+         Edge->DestXAdjDown = Edge->RemainingScans;
          return(1);  /* success */
       }
       StartVert = NextVert;   /* keep looking for a non-0-height edge */
@@ -298,17 +298,17 @@ int SetUpEdge(EdgeScan * Edge, int StartVert)
 /* Texture-map-draw the scan line between two edges. */
 void ScanOutLine(EdgeScan * LeftEdge, EdgeScan * RightEdge)
 {
-   Fixedpoint SourceX = LeftEdge-&gtSourceX;
+   Fixedpoint SourceX = LeftEdge->SourceX;
-   Fixedpoint SourceY = LeftEdge-&gtSourceY;
+   Fixedpoint SourceY = LeftEdge->SourceY;
-   int DestX = LeftEdge-&gtDestX;
+   int DestX = LeftEdge->DestX;
-   int DestXMax = RightEdge-&gtDestX;
+   int DestXMax = RightEdge->DestX;
    Fixedpoint DestWidth;
    Fixedpoint SourceXStep, SourceYStep;
    /* Nothing to do if fully X clipped */
-   if ((DestXMax &lt= ClipMinX) || (DestX &gt= ClipMaxX)) {
+   if ((DestXMax <= ClipMinX) || (DestX >= ClipMaxX)) {
       return;
    }
-   if ((DestXMax - DestX) &lt= 0) {
+   if ((DestXMax - DestX) <= 0) {
       return;  /* nothing to draw */
    }
    /* Width of destination scan line, for scaling. Note: because this is an
@@ -321,21 +321,21 @@ void ScanOutLine(EdgeScan * LeftEdge, EdgeScan * RightEdge)
    DestWidth = INT_TO_FIXED(DestXMax - DestX);
    /* Calculate source steps that correspond to each dest X step (across
       the scan line) */
-   SourceXStep = FixedDiv(RightEdge-&gtSourceX - SourceX, DestWidth);
+   SourceXStep = FixedDiv(RightEdge->SourceX - SourceX, DestWidth);
-   SourceYStep = FixedDiv(RightEdge-&gtSourceY - SourceY, DestWidth);
+   SourceYStep = FixedDiv(RightEdge->SourceY - SourceY, DestWidth);
    /* Clip right edge if necessary */
-   if (DestXMax &gt ClipMaxX) {
+   if (DestXMax > ClipMaxX) {
       DestXMax = ClipMaxX;
    }
    /* Clip left edge if necssary */
-   if (DestX &lt ClipMinX) {
+   if (DestX < ClipMinX) {
       SourceX += SourceXStep * (ClipMinX - DestX);
       SourceY += SourceYStep * (ClipMinX - DestX);
       DestX = ClipMinX;
    }
    /* Scan across the destination scan line, updating the source image
       position accordingly */
-   for (; DestX&ltDestXMax; DestX++) {
+   for (; DestX<DestXMax; DestX++) {
       /* Get currently mapped pixel out of image and draw it to screen */
       WritePixelX(DestX, DestY,
             GET_IMAGE_PIXEL(TexMapBits, TexMapWidth,

57-02.html

@@ -57,21 +57,21 @@ void ScanOutLine(EdgeScan * LeftEdge, EdgeScan * RightEdge)
 {
    Fixedpoint SourceX;
    Fixedpoint SourceY;
-   int DestX = LeftEdge-&gtDestX;
+   int DestX = LeftEdge->DestX;
-   int DestXMax = RightEdge-&gtDestX;
+   int DestXMax = RightEdge->DestX;
    Fixedpoint DestWidth;
    Fixedpoint SourceStepX, SourceStepY;
 
    /* Nothing to do if fully X clipped */
-   if ((DestXMax &lt= ClipMinX) || (DestX &gt= ClipMaxX)) {
+   if ((DestXMax <= ClipMinX) || (DestX >= ClipMaxX)) {
       return;
    }
 
-   if ((DestXMax - DestX) &lt= 0) {
+   if ((DestXMax - DestX) <= 0) {
       return;  /* nothing to draw */
    }
-   SourceX = LeftEdge-&gtSourceX;
+   SourceX = LeftEdge->SourceX;
-   SourceY = LeftEdge-&gtSourceY;
+   SourceY = LeftEdge->SourceY;
 
    /* Width of destination scan line, for scaling. Note: because this is an
       integer-based scaling, it can have a total error of as much as nearly
@@ -84,30 +84,30 @@ void ScanOutLine(EdgeScan * LeftEdge, EdgeScan * RightEdge)
 
    /* Calculate source steps that correspond to each dest X step (across
       the scan line) */
-   SourceStepX = FixedDiv(RightEdge-&gtSourceX - SourceX, DestWidth);
+   SourceStepX = FixedDiv(RightEdge->SourceX - SourceX, DestWidth);
-   SourceStepY = FixedDiv(RightEdge-&gtSourceY - SourceY, DestWidth);
+   SourceStepY = FixedDiv(RightEdge->SourceY - SourceY, DestWidth);
 
    /* Advance 1/2 step in the stepping direction, to space scanned pixels
       evenly between the left and right edges. (There’s a slight inaccuracy
       in dividing negative numbers by 2 by shifting rather than dividing,
       but the inaccuracy is in the least significant bit, and we’ll just
       live with it.) */
-   SourceX += SourceStepX &gt&gt 1;
+   SourceX += SourceStepX >> 1;
-   SourceY += SourceStepY &gt&gt 1;
+   SourceY += SourceStepY >> 1;
 
    /* Clip right edge if necssary */
-   if (DestXMax &gt ClipMaxX)
+   if (DestXMax > ClipMaxX)
       DestXMax = ClipMaxX;
 
    /* Clip left edge if necssary */
-   if (DestX &lt ClipMinX) {
+   if (DestX < ClipMinX) {
       SourceX += FixedMul(SourceStepX, INT-TO-FIXED(ClipMinX - DestX));
       SourceY += FixedMul(SourceStepY, INT-TO-FIXED(ClipMinX - DestX));
       DestX = ClipMinX;
    }
    /* Scan across the destination scan line, updating the source image
       position accordingly */
-   for (; DestX&ltDestXMax; DestX++) {
+   for (; DestX<DestXMax; DestX++) {
       /* Get the currently mapped pixel out of the image and draw it to
          the screen */
       WritePixelX(DestX, DestY,

57-03.html

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ DestXAdjDown   dw    ?        ;amount to subtract from error term when the
 EdgeScan ends
 
 Parms   struc
-               dw    2 dup(?) ;return address &amp pushed BP
+               dw    2 dup(?) ;return address & pushed BP
 LeftEdge       dw    ?        ;pointer to EdgeScan structure for left edge
 RightEdge      dw    ?        ;pointer to EdgeScan structure for right edge
 Parms   ends

58-04.html

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 ;       EDX = fractional source texture Y coordinate in lower
 ;             15 bits of CX, fractional source texture X coord
 ;             in high word of ECX, bit 15 set to 0
-;       SI = sum of integral X &amp Y source pointer advances
+;       SI = sum of integral X & Y source pointer advances
 ;       DS:DI = initial destination pointer
 ;       SS:BP = initial source texture pointer
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ SCANOFFSET=0
      add   edx,ecx                        ;advance frac Y in DX,
                                           ; frac X in high word of EDX
      adc   bp,si                          ;advance source pointer by integral
-                                          ; X &amp Y amount, also accounting for
+                                          ; X & Y amount, also accounting for
                                           ; carry from X fractional addition
      test  dh,80h                         ;carry from Y fractional addition?
      jz    @F                             ;no

58-05.html

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 ; rather than a horizontal scanline. Maxed-out 32-bit version.
 ;
 ; At this point:
-;       EAX = sum of integral X &amp Y source pointer advances
+;       EAX = sum of integral X & Y source pointer advances
 ;       ECX = source pointer increment to advance one in Y
 ;       EDX = fractional source texture Y coordinate in lower
 ;             15 bits of DX, fractional source texture X coord
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ SCANOFFSET=0
      add   edx,ebp                     ;advance frac Y in DX,
                                        ; frac X in high word of EDX
      adc   esi,eax                     ;advance source pointer by integral
-                                       ; X &amp Y amount, also accounting for
+                                       ; X & Y amount, also accounting for
                                        ; carry from X fractional addition
      mov   [edi+SCANOFFSET],bl         ;set screen pixel
                                        ; (located here to avoid 486

59-03.html

@@ -76,20 +76,20 @@
 void WalkBSPTree(NODE *pNode)
 {
    if (WallFacingForward(pNode) {
-      if (pNode-&gtBackChild) {
+      if (pNode->BackChild) {
-         WalkBSPTree(pNode-&gtBackChild);
+         WalkBSPTree(pNode->BackChild);
       }
       Draw(pNode);
-      if (pNode-&gtFrontChild) {
+      if (pNode->FrontChild) {
-         WalkBSPTree(pNode-&gtFrontChild);
+         WalkBSPTree(pNode->FrontChild);
       }
    } else {
-      if (pNode-&gtFrontChild) {
+      if (pNode->FrontChild) {
-         WalkBSPTree(pNode-&gtFrontChild);
+         WalkBSPTree(pNode->FrontChild);
       }
       Draw(pNode);
-      if (pNode-&gtBackChild) {
+      if (pNode->BackChild) {
-         WalkBSPTree(pNode-&gtBackChild);
+         WalkBSPTree(pNode->BackChild);
       }
    }
 }

59-04.html

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 <PRE>
 // Function to inorder walk a tree, using code recursion.
 // Tested with 32-bit Visual C++ 1.10.
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;tree.h&rdquo;
 extern void Visit(NODE *pNode);
 void WalkTree(NODE *pNode)
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ void WalkTree(NODE *pNode)
    if (pNode != NULL)
    {
       // Traverse the left subtree, if there is one
-      if (pNode-&gtpLeftChild != NULL)
+      if (pNode-&gt;pLeftChild != NULL)
       {
-         WalkTree(pNode-&gtpLeftChild);
+         WalkTree(pNode-&gt;pLeftChild);
       }
       // Visit this node
       Visit(pNode);
       // Traverse the right subtree, if there is one
-      if (pNode-&gtpRightChild != NULL)
+      if (pNode-&gt;pRightChild != NULL)
       {
-         WalkTree(pNode-&gtpRightChild);
+         WalkTree(pNode-&gt;pRightChild);
       }
    }
 }
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ struct _NODE *pRightChild;
 // Function to inorder walk a tree, using data recursion.
 // No stack overflow testing is performed.
 // Tested with 32-bit Visual C++ 1.10.
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
 #include &ldquo;tree.h&rdquo;
 #define MAX_PUSHED_NODES   100
 extern void Visit(NODE *pNode);
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ void WalkTree(NODE *pNode)
          // Keep doing this until we come to a node
          // with no left child; that&rsquo;s the next node to
          // visit in inorder sequence
-         while (pNode-&gtpLeftChild != NULL)
+         while (pNode-&gt;pLeftChild != NULL)
          {
             *pNodeStack++ = pNode;
-            pNode = pNode-&gtpLeftChild;
+            pNode = pNode-&gt;pLeftChild;
          }
          // We&rsquo;re at a node that has no left child, so
          // visit the node, then visit the right
@@ -143,11 +143,11 @@ void WalkTree(NODE *pNode)
             // passed on the way down, until we find a
             // node with a right subtree to traverse
             // or run out of pushed nodes and are done
-            if (pNode-&gtpRightChild != NULL)
+            if (pNode-&gt;pRightChild != NULL)
             {
                // Current node has a right child;
                // traverse the right subtree
-               pNode = pNode-&gtpRightChild;
+               pNode = pNode-&gt;pRightChild;
                break;
             }
             // Pop the next node from the stack so

59-05.html

@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@
 // Sample program to exercise and time the performance of
 // implementations of WalkTree().
 // Tested with 32-bit Visual C++ 1.10 under Windows NT.
-#include &ltstdio.h&gt
+#include <stdio.h>
-#include &ltconio.h&gt
+#include <conio.h>
-#include &ltstdlib.h&gt
+#include <stdlib.h>
-#include &lttime.h&gt
+#include <time.h>
 #include “tree.h”
 long VisitCount = 0;
 void main(void);
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ void main()
    int i;
    long StartTime;
    // Build a sample tree
-   BuildTree(&ampRootNode, 14);
+   BuildTree(&RootNode, 14);
    // Walk the tree 1000 times and see how long it takes
    StartTime = time(NULL);
-   for (i=0; i&lt1000; i++)
+   for (i=0; i<1000; i++)
    {
-      WalkTree(&ampRootNode);
+      WalkTree(&RootNode);
    }
    printf(“Seconds elapsed: %ld\n”,
            time(NULL) - StartTime);
@@ -87,25 +87,25 @@ void BuildTree(NODE *pNode, int RemainingDepth)
 {
    if (RemainingDepth == 0)
    {
-      pNode-&gtpLeftChild = NULL;
+      pNode->pLeftChild = NULL;
-      pNode-&gtpRightChild = NULL;
+      pNode->pRightChild = NULL;
    }
    else
    {
-      pNode-&gtpLeftChild = malloc(sizeof(NODE));
+      pNode->pLeftChild = malloc(sizeof(NODE));
-      if (pNode-&gtpLeftChild == NULL)
+      if (pNode->pLeftChild == NULL)
       {
          printf(“Out of memory\n”);
          exit(1);
       }
-      pNode-&gtpRightChild = malloc(sizeof(NODE));
+      pNode->pRightChild = malloc(sizeof(NODE));
-      if (pNode-&gtpRightChild == NULL)
+      if (pNode->pRightChild == NULL)
       {
          printf(“Out of memory\n”);
          exit(1);
       }
-      BuildTree(pNode-&gtpLeftChild, RemainingDepth - 1);
+      BuildTree(pNode->pLeftChild, RemainingDepth - 1);
-      BuildTree(pNode-&gtpRightChild, RemainingDepth - 1);
+      BuildTree(pNode->pRightChild, RemainingDepth - 1);
    }
 }
 //

61-02.html

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 </P>
 <P>For our purposes, <I>projection</I> is the process of mapping coordinates onto a line or surface. <I>Perspective projection</I> projects 3-D coordinates onto a viewplane, scaling coordinates according to their z distance from the viewpoint in order to provide proper perspective. <I>Objectspace</I> is the coordinate space in which an object is defined, independent of other objects and the world itself. <I>Worldspace</I> is the absolute frame of reference for a 3-D world; all objects&rsquo; locations and orientations are with respect to worldspace, and this is the frame of reference around which the viewpoint and view direction move. <I>Viewspace</I> is worldspace as seen from the viewpoint, looking in the view direction. <I>Screenspace</I> is viewspace after perspective projection and scaling to the screen.</P>
 <P>Finally, <I>transformation</I> is the process of converting points from one coordinate space into another; in our case, that&rsquo;ll mean rotating and translating (moving) points from objectspace or worldspace to viewspace.</P>
-<P>For additional information, you might want to check out Foley &amp van Dam&rsquo;s <I>Computer Graphics</I> (ISBN 0-201-12110-7), or the chapters in this book dealing with my X-Sharp 3-D graphics library.</P>
+<P>For additional information, you might want to check out Foley &amp; van Dam&rsquo;s <I>Computer Graphics</I> (ISBN 0-201-12110-7), or the chapters in this book dealing with my X-Sharp 3-D graphics library.</P>
 <H3><A NAME="Heading5"></A>The Dot Product</H3>
 <P>Now we&rsquo;re ready to move on to the dot product. Given two vectors <B>U</B> = [u<SUB>1</SUB> u<SUB>2</SUB> u<SUB>3</SUB>] and <B>V</B> = [v<SUB>1</SUB> v<SUB>2</SUB> v<SUB>3</SUB>], their dot product, denoted by the symbol &bull;, is calculated as:</P>
 <P ALIGN="LEFT"><P ALIGN="CENTER"><IMG SRC="images/61-02d.jpg"></P>

62-02.html

@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ void ClipWalls()
          // perform a quick test for trivial rejection by seeing if
          // the end point is outside the view triangle on the same
          // side as the start point
-         if (((tempstartx>tempstartz) &amp&amp (tempendx>tempendz)) ||
+         if (((tempstartx>tempstartz) && (tempendx>tempendz)) ||
-            ((tempstartx<-tempstartz) &amp&amp (tempendx<-tempendz)))
+            ((tempstartx<-tempstartz) && (tempendx<-tempendz)))
             // Fully clipped—trivially reject
             goto NextWall;
          // Clip the start point
@@ -327,9 +327,9 @@ void ClipWalls()
          (tempendwalltop > tempendz) ||
          (tempendwallbottom < -tempendz)) {
          // Not trivially unclipped; check for fully clipped
-         if ((tempstartwallbottom > tempstartz) &amp&amp
+         if ((tempstartwallbottom > tempstartz) &&
-            (tempstartwalltop < -tempstartz) &amp&amp
+            (tempstartwalltop < -tempstartz) &&
-            (tempendwallbottom > tempendz) &amp&amp
+            (tempendwallbottom > tempendz) &&
             (tempendwalltop < -tempendz)) {
             // Outside view triangle, trivially clipped
             goto NextWall;

63-02.html

@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ FSUB ST(0),ST(1)
 <!-- CODE //-->
 <PRE>
 ; use of fxch to allow addition of first two; products to start while third : multiplication finishes
-        fld     [vec0+0]        ;starts &amp ends on cycle 0
+        fld     [vec0+0]        ;starts &amp; ends on cycle 0
         fmul    [vec1+0]        ;starts on cycle 1
-        fld     [vec0+4]        ;starts &amp ends on cycle 2
+        fld     [vec0+4]        ;starts &amp; ends on cycle 2
         fmul    [vec1+4]        ;starts on cycle 3
-        fld     [vec0+8]        ;starts &amp ends on cycle 4
+        fld     [vec0+8]        ;starts &amp; ends on cycle 4
         fmul    [vec1+8]        ;starts on cycle 5
         fxch    st(1)           ;no cost
         faddp   st(2),st(0)     ;starts on cycle 6