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12
01-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '01'
pages: 004-007
---
*Part I* {align="center"} *Part I* {align="center"}
-------- --------

12
01-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '01'
pages: 007-009
---
### Rules for Building High-Performance Code {#Heading5} ### Rules for Building High-Performance Code {#Heading5}
We've got the following rules for creating high-performance software: We've got the following rules for creating high-performance software:

12
01-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '01'
pages: 010-013
---
* * * * * * * * * *
Listing Listing

12
01-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '01'
pages: 013-015
---
------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![](images/i.jpg) *Make sure you understand what really goes on when you insert a seemingly-innocuous function call into the time-critical portions of your code.* ![](images/i.jpg) *Make sure you understand what really goes on when you insert a seemingly-innocuous function call into the time-critical portions of your code.*
------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12
01-05.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '01'
pages: 015-017
---
The third reason is often fallacious. C library functions are not always The third reason is often fallacious. C library functions are not always
written in assembly, nor are they always particularly well-optimized. written in assembly, nor are they always particularly well-optimized.
(In fact, they're often written for *portability*, which has nothing to (In fact, they're often written for *portability*, which has nothing to

12
01-06.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '01'
pages: 018-019
---
**LISTING 1.7 L1-7.ASM** **LISTING 1.7 L1-7.ASM**
; Assembler subroutine to perform a 16-bit checksum on a block of ; Assembler subroutine to perform a 16-bit checksum on a block of

12
02-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '02'
pages: 021-025
---
Chapter 2\ Chapter 2\
A World Apart {#Heading1} A World Apart {#Heading1}
-------------- --------------

12
02-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '02'
pages: 025-028
---
#### Transformation Inefficiencies {#Heading5} #### Transformation Inefficiencies {#Heading5}
No matter how well an implementation is derived from the corresponding No matter how well an implementation is derived from the corresponding

12
02-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '02'
pages: 028-030
---
### The Flexible Mind {#Heading8} ### The Flexible Mind {#Heading8}
Is the never-ending collection of information all there is to the Is the never-ending collection of information all there is to the

12
03-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 031-035
---
Chapter 3\ Chapter 3\
Assume Nothing {#Heading1} Assume Nothing {#Heading1}
--------------- ---------------

12
03-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 035-042
---
**LISTING 3.1 PZTIMER.ASM** **LISTING 3.1 PZTIMER.ASM**
; The precision Zen timer (PZTIMER.ASM) ; The precision Zen timer (PZTIMER.ASM)

12
03-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 042-045
---
#### The Zen Timer Is a Means, Not an End {#Heading5} #### The Zen Timer Is a Means, Not an End {#Heading5}
We're going to spend the rest of this chapter seeing what the Zen timer We're going to spend the rest of this chapter seeing what the Zen timer

12
03-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 045-048
---
In fact, the Zen timer shown in Listing 3.1 can only time intervals of In fact, the Zen timer shown in Listing 3.1 can only time intervals of
up to about 54 ms in length, since that is the period of time that can up to about 54 ms in length, since that is the period of time that can
be measured by timer 0 before its count turns over and repeats. be measured by timer 0 before its count turns over and repeats.

12
03-05.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 048-050
---
### Notes on the Zen Timer {#Heading10} ### Notes on the Zen Timer {#Heading10}
The Zen timer subroutines are designed to be near-called from assembly The Zen timer subroutines are designed to be near-called from assembly

12
03-06.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 051-053
---
Listing 3.3 is used by naming it TESTCODE, assembling both Listing 3.2 Listing 3.3 is used by naming it TESTCODE, assembling both Listing 3.2
(which includes TESTCODE) and Listing 3.1 with TASM or MASM, and linking (which includes TESTCODE) and Listing 3.1 with TASM or MASM, and linking
the two resulting OBJ files together by way of the Borland orMicrosoft the two resulting OBJ files together by way of the Borland orMicrosoft

12
03-07.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 053-065
---
While permitting the timer interrupt to occur allows long intervals to While permitting the timer interrupt to occur allows long intervals to
be timed, that same interrupt makes the long-period Zen timer less be timed, that same interrupt makes the long-period Zen timer less
accurate than the precision Zen timer, since the time the BIOS spends accurate than the precision Zen timer, since the time the BIOS spends

12
03-08.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 065-067
---
Moreover, because it uses an undocumented feature, the timer-stop Moreover, because it uses an undocumented feature, the timer-stop
approach could conceivably cause erratic 8253 operation, which could in approach could conceivably cause erratic 8253 operation, which could in
turn seriously affect your computer's operation until the next reboot. turn seriously affect your computer's operation until the next reboot.

12
03-09.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 067-070
---
**LISTING 3.7 LZTIME.BAT** **LISTING 3.7 LZTIME.BAT**
echo off echo off

12
03-10.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '03'
pages: 070-073
---
when declaring the timer routines **extern**, so that name-mangling when declaring the timer routines **extern**, so that name-mangling
doesn't occur, and the linker can find the routines' C-style names.) doesn't occur, and the linker can find the routines' C-style names.)

12
04-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 075-080
---
Chapter 4\ Chapter 4\
In the Lair of the Cycle-Eaters {#Heading1} In the Lair of the Cycle-Eaters {#Heading1}
-------------------------------- --------------------------------

12
04-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 080-084
---
![](images/04-01.jpg)\ ![](images/04-01.jpg)\
**Figure 4.1**  *The location of the major cycle-eaters in the IBM PC.* **Figure 4.1**  *The location of the major cycle-eaters in the IBM PC.*

12
04-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 084-087
---
Back to the 8-bit bus cycle-eater. As I've said, in 8088 work you should Back to the 8-bit bus cycle-eater. As I've said, in 8088 work you should
strive to use byte-sized memory variables whenever possible. That does strive to use byte-sized memory variables whenever possible. That does
*not* mean that you should use 2 byte-sized memory accesses to *not* mean that you should use 2 byte-sized memory accesses to

12
04-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 087-090
---
#### Official Execution Times Are Only Part of the Story {#Heading10} #### Official Execution Times Are Only Part of the Story {#Heading10}
The sequence of 5 **SHR** instructions in the last example is 10 bytes The sequence of 5 **SHR** instructions in the last example is 10 bytes

12
04-05.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 090-093
---
Clearly, either instruction fetch time *or* Execution Unit execution Clearly, either instruction fetch time *or* Execution Unit execution
time—or even a mix of the two, if an instruction is partially time—or even a mix of the two, if an instruction is partially
prefetched—can determine code performance. Some people operate under a prefetched—can determine code performance. Some people operate under a

12
04-06.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 094-097
---
More than anything, the above rules mean using the registers as heavily More than anything, the above rules mean using the registers as heavily
as possible, both because register-only instructions are short and as possible, both because register-only instructions are short and
because they don't perform memory accesses to read or write operands. because they don't perform memory accesses to read or write operands.

12
04-07.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 097-099
---
#### The Impact of DRAM Refresh {#Heading17} #### The Impact of DRAM Refresh {#Heading17}
Let's look at examples from opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of Let's look at examples from opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of

12
04-08.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 099-104
---
Wait states exist because the CPU must to be able to coexist with any Wait states exist because the CPU must to be able to coexist with any
adapter, no matter how slow (within reason). The 8088 expects to be able adapter, no matter how slow (within reason). The 8088 expects to be able
to complete each bus access—a memory or I/O read or write—in 4 cycles, to complete each bus access—a memory or I/O read or write—in 4 cycles,

12
04-09.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '4'
pages: 104-106
---
The answer varies considerably depending on what display adapter and The answer varies considerably depending on what display adapter and
what display mode we're talking about. The display adapter cycle-eater what display mode we're talking about. The display adapter cycle-eater
is worst with the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) and the original Video is worst with the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) and the original Video

12
04-10.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '04'
pages: 106-109
---
------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![](images/i.jpg) *A line-drawing subroutine, which executes perhaps a dozen instructions for each display memory access, generally loses less performance to the display adapter cycle-eater than does a block-copy or scrolling subroutine that uses **REP MOVS** instructions. Scaled and three-dimensional graphics, which spend a great deal of time performing calculations (often using very slow floating-point arithmetic), tend to suffer less.* ![](images/i.jpg) *A line-drawing subroutine, which executes perhaps a dozen instructions for each display memory access, generally loses less performance to the display adapter cycle-eater than does a block-copy or scrolling subroutine that uses **REP MOVS** instructions. Scaled and three-dimensional graphics, which spend a great deal of time performing calculations (often using very slow floating-point arithmetic), tend to suffer less.*
------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12
05-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '05'
pages: 111-115
---
Chapter 5\ Chapter 5\
Crossing the Border {#Heading1} Crossing the Border {#Heading1}
-------------------- --------------------

12
05-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '05'
pages: 115-118
---
We could put a zero byte at the end of our buffer to allow **strstr()** We could put a zero byte at the end of our buffer to allow **strstr()**
to work, but why bother? The **strstr()** function must spend time to work, but why bother? The **strstr()** function must spend time
either checking for the end of the string being searched or determining either checking for the end of the string being searched or determining

12
05-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '05'
pages: 118-121
---
**LISTING 5.1 SEARCH.C** **LISTING 5.1 SEARCH.C**
/* Program to search the file specified by the first command-line /* Program to search the file specified by the first command-line

12
05-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '05'
pages: 121-122
---
### Interpreting Where the Cycles Go {#Heading8} ### Interpreting Where the Cycles Go {#Heading8}
To boost the overall performance of Listing 5.1, I would normally To boost the overall performance of Listing 5.1, I would normally

12
05-05.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '05'
pages: 122-123
---
It might also be worth converting the search engine to assembly for It might also be worth converting the search engine to assembly for
searches performed entirely in memory; with the overhead of file access searches performed entirely in memory; with the overhead of file access
eliminated, improvements in search-engine performance would translate eliminated, improvements in search-engine performance would translate

12
06-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '06'
pages: 125-129
---
Chapter 6\ Chapter 6\
Looking Past Face Value {#Heading1} Looking Past Face Value {#Heading1}
------------------------ ------------------------

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06-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '06'
pages: 129-133
---
The two approaches are functionally interchangeable but *not* equivalent The two approaches are functionally interchangeable but *not* equivalent
from a performance standpoint, and which is better depends on the from a performance standpoint, and which is better depends on the
particular context. If it's a one-shot memory access, it's best to let particular context. If it's a one-shot memory access, it's best to let

12
07-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '07'
pages: 136-139
---
Chapter 7\ Chapter 7\
Local Optimization {#Heading1} Local Optimization {#Heading1}
------------------- -------------------

12
07-02.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '07'
pages: 139-141
---
By the way, don't fall victim to the lures of **JCXZ** and do something By the way, don't fall victim to the lures of **JCXZ** and do something
like this: like this:

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07-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '07'
pages: 141-143
---
**LISTING 7.1 L7-1.ASM** **LISTING 7.1 L7-1.ASM**
; Program to illustrate searching through a buffer of a specified ; Program to illustrate searching through a buffer of a specified

12
07-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '07'
pages: 143-145
---
**LISTING 7.2 L7-2.ASM** **LISTING 7.2 L7-2.ASM**
; Program to illustrate searching through a buffer of a specified ; Program to illustrate searching through a buffer of a specified

12
07-05.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '07'
pages: 145-148
---
#### Rotating and Shifting with Tables {#Heading8} #### Rotating and Shifting with Tables {#Heading8}
As another example of local optimization, consider the matter of As another example of local optimization, consider the matter of

12
08-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 08
pages: 149-153
---
Chapter 8\ Chapter 8\
Speeding Up C with Assembly Language {#Heading1} Speeding Up C with Assembly Language {#Heading1}
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

12
08-02.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 08
pages: 153-156
---
### Stack Frames Slow So Much {#Heading5} ### Stack Frames Slow So Much {#Heading5}
C compilers work within the stack frame model, whereby variables reside C compilers work within the stack frame model, whereby variables reside

12
08-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 08
pages: 156-160
---
**LISTING 8.1 L8-1.C** **LISTING 8.1 L8-1.C**
/* Program to search an array spanning a linked list of variable- /* Program to search an array spanning a linked list of variable-

12
08-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 08
pages: 160-163
---
It's hard to squeeze much more performance from this code by tweaking It's hard to squeeze much more performance from this code by tweaking
it, as exemplified by Listing 8.3, a fine-tuned assembly version of it, as exemplified by Listing 8.3, a fine-tuned assembly version of
**FindIDAverage** that was produced by looking at the assembly output of **FindIDAverage** that was produced by looking at the assembly output of

12
08-05.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 08
pages: 163-166
---
Listings 8.5 and 8.6 together go the final step and change the rules in Listings 8.5 and 8.6 together go the final step and change the rules in
favor of assembly language. Listing 8.5 creates the same list of linked favor of assembly language. Listing 8.5 creates the same list of linked
blocks as Listing 8.1. However, instead of storing an array of blocks as Listing 8.1. However, instead of storing an array of

12
09-01.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 09
pages: 167-172
---
Chapter 9\ Chapter 9\
Hints My Readers Gave Me {#Heading1} Hints My Readers Gave Me {#Heading1}
------------------------- -------------------------

12
09-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 09
pages: 172-175
---
However, it generally is. Sure, if the length is odd, John's approach However, it generally is. Sure, if the length is odd, John's approach
incurs a penalty approximately equal to the **REP** startup time for incurs a penalty approximately equal to the **REP** startup time for
**MOVSB**. However, if the length is even, John's approach doesn't **MOVSB**. However, if the length is even, John's approach doesn't

12
09-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 09
pages: 175-178
---
Listing 9.1 implements the scan-on-first-character approach. Listing 9.2 Listing 9.1 implements the scan-on-first-character approach. Listing 9.2
scans for whatever character the caller specifies. Listing 9.3 is a test scans for whatever character the caller specifies. Listing 9.3 is a test
program used to compare the two approaches. How much difference does program used to compare the two approaches. How much difference does

12
09-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 09
pages: 178-180
---
**LISTING 9.2 L9-2.ASM** **LISTING 9.2 L9-2.ASM**
; Searches a text buffer for a text string. Uses REPNZ SCASB to scan ; Searches a text buffer for a text string. Uses REPNZ SCASB to scan

12
09-05.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 09
pages: 180-182
---
You'll notice that in Listing 9.2 I didn't use a table of character You'll notice that in Listing 9.2 I didn't use a table of character
frequencies in English text to determine the character for which to frequencies in English text to determine the character for which to
scan, but rather let the caller make that choice. Each buffer of bytes scan, but rather let the caller make that choice. Each buffer of bytes

12
09-06.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 09
pages: 182-185
---
**LISTING 9.5 L9-5.ASM** **LISTING 9.5 L9-5.ASM**
; Divides an arbitrarily long unsigned dividend by a 16-bit unsigned ; Divides an arbitrarily long unsigned dividend by a 16-bit unsigned

12
09-07.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: 09
pages: 185-188
---
#### Hard-Core Cycle Counting {#Heading10} #### Hard-Core Cycle Counting {#Heading10}
Next, we come to an item that cycle counters will love, especially since Next, we come to an item that cycle counters will love, especially since

12
10-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '10'
pages: 190-193
---
Chapter 10\ Chapter 10\
Patient Coding, Faster Code {#Heading1} Patient Coding, Faster Code {#Heading1}
---------------------------- ----------------------------

12
10-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '10'
pages: 193-196
---
Not so nowadays, though. Computers love boring work; they're very Not so nowadays, though. Computers love boring work; they're very
patient and disciplined, and, besides, one human year = seven dog years patient and disciplined, and, besides, one human year = seven dog years
= two zillion computer years. So when we're faced with a problem that = two zillion computer years. So when we're faced with a problem that

12
10-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '10'
pages: 196-200
---
Listing 10.2 repeatedly subtracts iS from iL until iL becomes less than Listing 10.2 repeatedly subtracts iS from iL until iL becomes less than
or equal to iS. If iL becomes equal to iS, then that's the GCD; or equal to iS. If iL becomes equal to iS, then that's the GCD;
alternatively, if iL becomes *less* than iS, iL and iS switch values, alternatively, if iL becomes *less* than iS, iL and iS switch values,

12
10-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '10'
pages: 200-203
---
**LISTING 10.5 L10-5.ASM** **LISTING 10.5 L10-5.ASM**
; Finds and returns the greatest common divisor of two integers. ; Finds and returns the greatest common divisor of two integers.

12
11-01.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 205-210
---
Chapter 11\ Chapter 11\
Pushing the 286 and 386 {#Heading1} Pushing the 286 and 386 {#Heading1}
------------------------ ------------------------

12
11-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 210-212
---
You might think that the elimination of the 8-bit bus cycle-eater would You might think that the elimination of the 8-bit bus cycle-eater would
mean that the prefetch queue cycle-eater would also vanish, since on the mean that the prefetch queue cycle-eater would also vanish, since on the
8088 the prefetch queue cycle-eater is a side effect of the 8-bit bus. 8088 the prefetch queue cycle-eater is a side effect of the 8-bit bus.

12
11-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 212-216
---
In short, a close relative of our old friend the 8-bit bus In short, a close relative of our old friend the 8-bit bus
cycle-eater—the system memory wait state cycle-eater—haunts us still on cycle-eater—the system memory wait state cycle-eater—haunts us still on
all but zero-wait-state 286 and 386 computers, and that means that the all but zero-wait-state 286 and 386 computers, and that means that the

12
11-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 216-220
---
When I was developing the Zen timer, I used my trusty 10 MHz 286-based When I was developing the Zen timer, I used my trusty 10 MHz 286-based
AT clone to verify the basic functionality of the timer by measuring the AT clone to verify the basic functionality of the timer by measuring the
performance of simple instruction sequences. I was cruising along with performance of simple instruction sequences. I was cruising along with

12
11-05.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 220-222
---
Under ideal conditions, a 286 can access memory much, much faster than Under ideal conditions, a 286 can access memory much, much faster than
an 8088. A 10 MHz 286 is capable of accessing a word of system memory an 8088. A 10 MHz 286 is capable of accessing a word of system memory
every 0.20 ms with **REP MOVSW**, dwarfing the 1 byte every 1.31 µs that every 0.20 ms with **REP MOVSW**, dwarfing the 1 byte every 1.31 µs that

12
11-06.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 222-224
---
Finally, it's possible in real mode to use the 386's new addressing Finally, it's possible in real mode to use the 386's new addressing
modes, in which *any* 32-bit general-purpose register or pair of modes, in which *any* 32-bit general-purpose register or pair of
registers can be used to address memory. What's more, multiplication of registers can be used to address memory. What's more, multiplication of

12
11-07.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 224-226
---
**LISTING 11.5 L11-5.ASM** **LISTING 11.5 L11-5.ASM**
; ;

12
11-08.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '11'
pages: 226-231
---
Well, there's only one instruction other than **POPF** that loads the Well, there's only one instruction other than **POPF** that loads the
FLAGS register directly from the stack, and that's **IRET**, which loads FLAGS register directly from the stack, and that's **IRET**, which loads
the FLAGS register from the stack as it branches, as shown in Figure the FLAGS register from the stack as it branches, as shown in Figure

12
12-01.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '12'
pages: 233-237
---
Chapter 12\ Chapter 12\
Pushing the 486 {#Heading1} Pushing the 486 {#Heading1}
---------------- ----------------

12
12-02.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '12'
pages: 237-241
---
which calculates the same sum and leaves the registers in the same state which calculates the same sum and leaves the registers in the same state
as the first example, but avoids indexed addressing. as the first example, but avoids indexed addressing.

12
12-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '12'
pages: 241-243
---
There is, of course, no guarantee that I'm entirely correct about the There is, of course, no guarantee that I'm entirely correct about the
optimizations discussed in this chapter. Without knowing the internals optimizations discussed in this chapter. Without knowing the internals
of the 486, all I can do is time code and make inferences from the of the 486, all I can do is time code and make inferences from the

12
12-04.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '12'
pages: 243-246
---
You don't need to understand every corner of the 486 universe unless You don't need to understand every corner of the 486 universe unless
you're a diehard ASMhead who does this stuff for fun. Just learn enough you're a diehard ASMhead who does this stuff for fun. Just learn enough
to be able to speed up the key portions of your programs, and spend the to be able to speed up the key portions of your programs, and spend the

12
13-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '13'
pages: 248-251
---
Chapter 13\ Chapter 13\
Aiming the 486 {#Heading1} Aiming the 486 {#Heading1}
--------------- ---------------

12
13-02.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '13'
pages: 252-254
---
"When I looked closely as this, I realized that the two cycles for the "When I looked closely as this, I realized that the two cycles for the
final **ADD** is just the sum of 1 cycle to load the data from memory, final **ADD** is just the sum of 1 cycle to load the data from memory,
and 1 cycle to add it to DX, so the code could just as well have been and 1 cycle to add it to DX, so the code could just as well have been

12
13-03.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '13'
pages: 254-256
---
On the 386, **ROR** was the only way to split a 32-bit register into two On the 386, **ROR** was the only way to split a 32-bit register into two
16-bit registers. On the 486, however, **BSWAP** can not only do the 16-bit registers. On the 486, however, **BSWAP** can not only do the
job, but can do it better, because **BSWAP** executes in just one cycle. job, but can do it better, because **BSWAP** executes in just one cycle.

12
13-04.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '13'
pages: 256-258
---
### 32-Bit Addressing Modes {#Heading7} ### 32-Bit Addressing Modes {#Heading7}
The 386 and 486 both support 32-bit addressing modes, in which any The 386 and 486 both support 32-bit addressing modes, in which any

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14-01.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '14'
pages: 260-263
---
Chapter 14\ Chapter 14\
Boyer-Moore String Searching {#Heading1} Boyer-Moore String Searching {#Heading1}
----------------------------- -----------------------------

12
14-02.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '14'
pages: 263-267
---
### The Boyer-Moore Algorithm {#Heading4} ### The Boyer-Moore Algorithm {#Heading4}
All our *a priori* knowledge of string searching is stated above, but All our *a priori* knowledge of string searching is stated above, but

12
14-03.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '14'
pages: 267-268
---
How fast *is* Boyer-Moore? Listing 14.1 is a C implementation of How fast *is* Boyer-Moore? Listing 14.1 is a C implementation of
Boyer-Moore searching; Listing 14.2 is a test-bed program that searches Boyer-Moore searching; Listing 14.2 is a test-bed program that searches
up to the first 32K of a file for a pattern. Table 14.1 (all times up to the first 32K of a file for a pattern. Table 14.1 (all times

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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '14'
pages: 268-271
---
**LISTING 14.1 L14-1.C** **LISTING 14.1 L14-1.C**
/* Searches a buffer for a specified pattern. In case of a mismatch, /* Searches a buffer for a specified pattern. In case of a mismatch,

12
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '14'
pages: 271-274
---
**LISTING 14.3 L14-3.ASM** **LISTING 14.3 L14-3.ASM**
; Searches a buffer for a specified pattern. In case of a mismatch, ; Searches a buffer for a specified pattern. In case of a mismatch,

12
14-06.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '14'
pages: 274-277
---
Table 14.1 represents a limited and decidedly unscientific comparison of Table 14.1 represents a limited and decidedly unscientific comparison of
searching techniques. Nonetheless, the overall trend is clear: For all searching techniques. Nonetheless, the overall trend is clear: For all
but the shortest patterns, well-implemented Boyer-Moore is generally as but the shortest patterns, well-implemented Boyer-Moore is generally as

12
15-01.md
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@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '15'
pages: 279-284
---
Chapter 15\ Chapter 15\
Linked Lists and plain Unintended Challenges {#Heading1} Linked Lists and plain Unintended Challenges {#Heading1}
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

12
15-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '15'
pages: 284-287
---
**LISTING 15.1 L15-1.C** **LISTING 15.1 L15-1.C**
/* Deletes the node in a linked list that follows the indicated node. /* Deletes the node in a linked list that follows the indicated node.

12
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '15'
pages: 287-290
---
**LISTING 15.5 L15-5.C** **LISTING 15.5 L15-5.C**
/* Finds the first node in a value-sorted linked list that /* Finds the first node in a value-sorted linked list that

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '15'
pages: 290-293
---
**LISTING 15.7 L15-7.ASM** **LISTING 15.7 L15-7.ASM**
; C near-callable assembly function for inserting a new node in a ; C near-callable assembly function for inserting a new node in a

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 295-300
---
Chapter 16\ Chapter 16\
There Ain't No Such Thing as the Fastest Code {#Heading1} There Ain't No Such Thing as the Fastest Code {#Heading1}
---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 300-303
---
Listing 16.2 is Listing 16.1 modified to call a function that scans each Listing 16.2 is Listing 16.1 modified to call a function that scans each
block for words, and Listing 16.3 contains an assembly function that block for words, and Listing 16.3 contains an assembly function that
counts words. Used together, Listings 16.2 and 16.3 are just about twice counts words. Used together, Listings 16.2 and 16.3 are just about twice

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 303-305
---
**LISTING 16.4 L16-4.ASM** **LISTING 16.4 L16-4.ASM**
; Assembly subroutine for Listing 16.2. Scans through Buffer, of ; Assembly subroutine for Listing 16.2. Scans through Buffer, of

12
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 305-308
---
Truth to tell, I didn't expect a three-times speedup; around two times Truth to tell, I didn't expect a three-times speedup; around two times
was what I had in mind. Which just goes to show that any code can be was what I had in mind. Which just goes to show that any code can be
made faster than you'd expect, if you think about it long enough and made faster than you'd expect, if you think about it long enough and

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 308-311
---
Table 16.2 has two times for each entry listed: the first value is the Table 16.2 has two times for each entry listed: the first value is the
overall counting time, including time spent in the main program, disk overall counting time, including time spent in the main program, disk
I/O, and everything else; the second value is the time actually spent I/O, and everything else; the second value is the time actually spent

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 311-313
---
### Levels of Optimization {#Heading9} ### Levels of Optimization {#Heading9}
Three levels of optimization were evident in the word-counting entries I Three levels of optimization were evident in the word-counting entries I

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 313-316
---
**Listing 16.6 OPT2.ASM** **Listing 16.6 OPT2.ASM**
; ;

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '16'
pages: 316-319
---
**Listing 16.7 L16-7.ASM** **Listing 16.7 L16-7.ASM**
ScanLoop: ScanLoop:

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17-01.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 322-325
---
Chapter 17\ Chapter 17\
The Game of Life {#Heading1} The Game of Life {#Heading1}
----------------- -----------------

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17-02.md
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 325-329
---
**LISTING 17.1 L17-1.CPP** **LISTING 17.1 L17-1.CPP**
/* C++ Game of Life implementation for any mode for which mode set /* C++ Game of Life implementation for any mode for which mode set

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 329-331
---
### Where Does the Time Go? {#Heading5} ### Where Does the Time Go? {#Heading5}
How slow is Listing 17.1? Table 17.1 shows that even on a 486, Listing How slow is Listing 17.1? Table 17.1 shows that even on a 486, Listing

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 331-334
---
There's a kicker here, though, and that's the counting of neighbors for There's a kicker here, though, and that's the counting of neighbors for
cells at the edge of the cellmap. When cellmap wrapping is enabled (so cells at the edge of the cellmap. When cellmap wrapping is enabled (so
that the cellmap becomes essentially a toroid, with each edge joined that the cellmap becomes essentially a toroid, with each edge joined

12
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 335-338
---
In Listing 17.3, note the padded cellmap edges, and the alteration of In Listing 17.3, note the padded cellmap edges, and the alteration of
the member functions to compensate for the padding. Also note that the the member functions to compensate for the padding. Also note that the
width now has to be a multiple of eight, to facilitate the process of width now has to be a multiple of eight, to facilitate the process of

12
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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 338-340
---
We're still not ready for assembly, though; what we need is a new We're still not ready for assembly, though; what we need is a new
perspective that lends itself to vastly better performance in C++. The perspective that lends itself to vastly better performance in C++. The
Life program in the next section is *three to seven times* faster than Life program in the next section is *three to seven times* faster than

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 340-345
---
**LISTING 17.5 L17-5.CPP** **LISTING 17.5 L17-5.CPP**
/* C++ Game of Life implementation for any mode for which mode set /* C++ Game of Life implementation for any mode for which mode set

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '17'
pages: 345-346
---
The large model is actually not necessary for the 96x96 cellmap in The large model is actually not necessary for the 96x96 cellmap in
Listing 17.5. However, I was actually more interested in seeing a fast Listing 17.5. However, I was actually more interested in seeing a fast
200x200 cellmap, and two 200x200 cellmaps can't fit in a single segment. 200x200 cellmap, and two 200x200 cellmaps can't fit in a single segment.

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---
title: Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition
author: Michael Abrash
date: '1997-07-01'
isbn: '1576101746'
publisher: The Coriolis Group
category: 'Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development:
Graphics and Multimedia Development'
chapter: '18'
pages: 347-351
---
Chapter 18\ Chapter 18\
It's a plain Wonderful Life {#Heading1} It's a plain Wonderful Life {#Heading1}
---------------------------- ----------------------------

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