Remove heading ids, let pandoc generate them
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@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ pages: 205-231
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---
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## Chapter 11\
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Pushing the 286 and 386 {#Heading1}
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Pushing the 286 and 386
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### New Registers, New Instructions, New Timings, New Complications {#Heading2}
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### New Registers, New Instructions, New Timings, New Complications
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This chapter, adapted from my earlier book *Zen of Assembly Language*
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(1989; now out of print), provides an overview of the 286 and 386, often
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@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ mainstream of computing, this chapter is a useful mix of history lesson,
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x86 overview, and details on two workhorse processors that are still in
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wide use.
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#### Family Matters {#Heading3}
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#### Family Matters
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While the x86 family is a large one, only a few members of the
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family—which includes the 8088, 8086, 80188, 80186, 286, 386SX, 386DX,
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@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ its lifespan, and it is in even wider use than the 286. The future
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clearly belongs to the 486 and Pentium, but the 286 and 386 are still
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very much a part of the present-day landscape.
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#### Crossing the Gulf to the 286 and the 386 {#Heading4}
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#### Crossing the Gulf to the 286 and the 386
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Apart from vastly improved performance, the biggest difference between
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the 8088 and the 286 and 386 (as well as the later Intel CPUs) is that
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@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ optimization strategies discussed in this book still hold true in
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protected mode; it's just issues specific to protected mode or a
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particular operating system that we won't discuss.
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#### In the Lair of the Cycle-Eaters, Part II {#Heading5}
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#### In the Lair of the Cycle-Eaters, Part II
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Under the programming interface, the 286 and 386 differ considerably
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from the 8088. Nonetheless, with one exception and one addition, the
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@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ can literally double the performance of certain code running on the 286.
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Even if it doesn't double performance, word alignment usually helps and
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never hurts.
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#### Code Alignment {#Heading8}
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#### Code Alignment
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Lack of word alignment can also interfere with instruction fetching on
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the 286, although not to the extent that it interferes with access to
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@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ What can we do about this new, more virulent form of the display adapter
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cycle-eater? The workaround is the same as it was on the PC: Access
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display memory as little as you possibly can.
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#### New Instructions and Features: The 286 {#Heading13}
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#### New Instructions and Features: The 286
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The 286 and 386 offer a number of new instructions. The 286 has a
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relatively small number of instructions that the 8088 lacks, while the
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@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ For another, the 286 allows all shifts and rotates to be performed for
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not just 1 bit or the number of bits specified by CL, but for *any*
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constant number of bits.
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#### New Instructions and Features: The 386 {#Heading14}
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#### New Instructions and Features: The 386
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The 386 is somewhat more complex than the 286 regarding new features.
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Once again, we won't discuss protected mode, which on the 386 comes with
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@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ the like.
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The more things change, the more they remain the same....
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#### POPF and the 286 {#Heading17}
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#### POPF and the 286
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We've one final 286-related item to discuss: the hardware malfunction of
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`POPF` under certain circumstances on the 286.
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