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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META name=vsisbn content="1576101746">
<META name=vstitle content="Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition">
<META name=vsauthor content="Michael Abrash">
<META name=vspublisher content="The Coriolis Group">
<META name=vspubdate content="07/01/97">
<META name=vscategory content="Web and Software Development: Game Development,Web and Software Development: Graphics and Multimedia Development">
<TITLE>Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book Special Edition: Boyer-Moore String Searching</TITLE>
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<!--ISBN=1576101746//-->
<!--TITLE=Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book Special Edition//-->
<!--AUTHOR=Michael Abrash//-->
<!--PUBLISHER=The Coriolis Group, Inc.//-->
<!--CHAPTER=14//-->
<!--PAGES=268-271//-->
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<!--UNASSIGNED2//--></HEAD><BODY LINK=#0000FF ALINK=#000099 VLINK=#0000FF BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="14-03.html">Previous</A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A></TD>
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<P><BR></P>
<P><B>LISTING 14.1 L14-1.C</B></P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
/* Searches a buffer for a specified pattern. In case of a mismatch,
uses the value of the mismatched byte to skip across as many
potential match locations as possible (partial Boyer-Moore).
Returns start offset of first match searching forward, or NULL if
no match is found.
Tested with Borland C&#43;&#43; in C mode and the small model. */
#include &ltstdio.h&gt
unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char * BufferPtr,
unsigned int BufferLength, unsigned char * PatternPtr,
unsigned int PatternLength)
{
unsigned char * WorkingPatternPtr, * WorkingBufferPtr;
unsigned int CompCount, SkipTable[256], Skip, DistanceMatched;
int i;
/* Reject if the buffer is too small */
if (BufferLength &lt PatternLength) return(NULL);
/* Return an instant match if the pattern is 0-length */
if (PatternLength == 0) return(BufferPtr);
/* Create the table of distances by which to skip ahead on
mismatches for every possible byte value */
/* Initialize all skips to the pattern length; this is the skip
distance for bytes that don&#146;t appear in the pattern */
for (i = 0; i &lt 256; i&#43;&#43;) SkipTable[i] = PatternLength;
/*Set the skip values for the bytes that do appear in the pattern
to the distance from the byte location to the end of the
pattern. When there are multiple instances of the same byte,
the rightmost instance&#146;s skip value is used. Note that the
rightmost byte of the pattern isn&#146;t entered in the skip table;
if we get that value for a mismatch, we know for sure that the
right end of the pattern has already passed the mismatch
location, so this is not a relevant byte for skipping purposes */
for (i = 0; i &lt (PatternLength - 1); i&#43;&#43;)
SkipTable[PatternPtr[i]] = PatternLength - i - 1;
/* Point to rightmost byte of the pattern */
PatternPtr &#43;= PatternLength - 1;
/* Point to last (rightmost) byte of the first potential pattern
match location in the buffer */
BufferPtr &#43;= PatternLength - 1;
/* Count of number of potential pattern match locations in
buffer */
BufferLength -= PatternLength - 1;
/* Search the buffer */
while (1) {
/* See if we have a match at this buffer location */
WorkingPatternPtr = PatternPtr;
WorkingBufferPtr = BufferPtr;
CompCount = PatternLength;
/* Compare the pattern and the buffer location, searching from
high memory toward low (right to left) */
while (*WorkingPatternPtr&#151; == *WorkingBufferPtr&#151;) {
/* If we&#146;ve matched the entire pattern, it&#146;s a match */
if (&#150;CompCount == 0)
/* Return a pointer to the start of the match location */
return(BufferPtr - PatternLength &#43; 1);
}
/* It&#146;s a mismatch; let&#146;s see what we can learn from it */
WorkingBufferPtr&#43;&#43;; /* point back to the mismatch location */
/* # of bytes that did match */
DistanceMatched = BufferPtr - WorkingBufferPtr;
/*If, based on the mismatch character, we can&#146;t even skip ahead
as far as where we started this particular comparison, then
just advance by 1 to the next potential match; otherwise,
skip ahead from the mismatch location by the skip distance
for the mismatch character */
if (SkipTable[*WorkingBufferPtr] &lt= DistanceMatched)
Skip = 1; /* skip doesn&#146;t do any good, advance by 1 */
else
/* Use skip value, accounting for distance covered by the
partial match */
Skip = SkipTable[*WorkingBufferPtr] - DistanceMatched;
/* If skipping ahead would exhaust the buffer, we&#146;re done
without a match */
if (Skip &gt= BufferLength) return(NULL);
/* Skip ahead and perform the next comparison */
BufferLength -= Skip;
BufferPtr &#43;= Skip;
}
}
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P><B>LISTING 14.2 L14-2.C</B></P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
/* Program to exercise buffer-search routines in Listings 14.1 &amp 14.3.
(Must be modified to put copy of pattern as sentinel at end of the
search buffer in order to be used with Listing 14.4.) */
#include &ltstdio.h&gt
#include &ltstring.h&gt
#include &ltfcntl.h&gt
#define DISPLAY_LENGTH 40
#define BUFFER_SIZE 0x8000
extern unsigned char * FindString(unsigned char *, unsigned int,
unsigned char *, unsigned int);
void main(void);
void main() {
unsigned char TempBuffer[DISPLAY_LENGTH&#43;1];
unsigned char Filename[150], Pattern[150], *MatchPtr, *TestBuffer;
int Handle;
unsigned int WorkingLength;
printf(&#147;File to search:&#148;);
gets(Filename);
printf(&#147;Pattern for which to search:&#148;);
gets(Pattern);
if ( (Handle = open(Filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY)) == -1 ) {
printf(&#147;Can&#146;t open file: %s\n&#148;, Filename); exit(1);
}
/* Get memory in which to buffer the data */
if ( (TestBuffer=(unsigned char *)malloc(BUFFER_SIZE&#43;1)) == NULL) {
printf(&#147;Can&#146;t get enough memory\n&#148;); exit(1);
}
/* Process a BUFFER_SIZE chunk */
if ( (int)(WorkingLength =
read(Handle, TestBuffer, BUFFER_SIZE)) == -1 ) {
printf(&#147;Error reading file %s\n&#148;, Filename); exit(1);
}
TestBuffer[WorkingLength] = 0; /* 0-terminate buffer for printf */
/* Search for the pattern and report the results */
if ((MatchPtr = FindString(TestBuffer, WorkingLength, Pattern,
(unsigned int) strlen(Pattern))) == NULL) {
/* Pattern wasn&#146;t found */
printf(&#147;\&#147;%s\&#148; not found\n&#148;, Pattern);
} else {
/* Pattern was found. Zero-terminate TempBuffer; strncpy
won&#146;t do it if DISPLAY_LENGTH characters are copied */
TempBuffer[DISPLAY_LENGTH] = 0;
printf(&#147;\&#147;%s\&#148; found. Next %d characters at match:\n\&#148;%s\&#147;\n&#148;,
Pattern, DISPLAY_LENGTH,
strncpy(TempBuffer, MatchPtr, DISPLAY_LENGTH));
}
exit(0);
}
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>Well, architecture carries a lot of weight, but it sure as heck isn&#146;t destiny. I had simply fallen into the trap of figuring that the algorithm was so clever that I didn&#146;t have to do any thinking myself. The path leading to <B>REPNZ SCASB</B> from the original brute-force approach of <B>REPZ CMPSB</B> at every location had been based on my observation that the first character comparison at each buffer location usually fails. Why not apply the same concept to Boyer-Moore? Listing 14.3 is just like the standard implementation&#151;except that it&#146;s optimized to handle a first-comparison mismatch as quickly as possible in the loop at <B>QuickSearchLoop</B>, much as <B>REPNZ SCASB</B> optimizes first-comparison mismatches for the brute-force approach. The results in Table 14.1 speak for themselves; Listing 14.3 is more than twice as fast as what I assure you was already a nice, tight assembly implementation (and unrolling <B>QuickSearchLoop</B> could boost performance by up to 10 percent more). Listing 14.3 is also <I>four times</I> faster than <B>REPNZ SCASB</B> in one case.</P><P><BR></P>
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<font face="Verdana,sans-serif" size="1">Graphics Programming Black Book &copy; 2001 Michael Abrash</font>
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