Make tables valid markdown
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James Gregory
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96
01-03.md
96
01-03.md
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@ -10,89 +10,15 @@ chapter: '01'
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pages: 010-013
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pages: 010-013
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---
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---
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* * * * *
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| Listing | Borland | Microsoft | Borland | Microsoft | Assembly | Optimization Ratio |
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|---------------------------------------|----------|-----------|---------|-----------|----------|--------------------|
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| | (no opt) | (no opt) | (opt) | (opt) | | |
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| 1 | 166.9 | 166.8 | 167.0 | 165.8 | 155.1 | 1.08 |
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| 4 | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | ... | 1.01 |
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| 5 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 2.04 |
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| Ratio best designed to worst designed | 35.51 | 30.33 | 43.95 | 48.76 | 57.44 | |
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Listing
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Table: Table 1.1 Execution Times for WordPerfect Checksum.
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Borland
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Microsoft
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Borland
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Microsoft
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Assembly
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Optimization\
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Ratio
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* * * * *
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(no opt)
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(no opt)
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(opt)
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(opt)
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1
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166.9
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166.8
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167.0
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165.8
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155.1
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1.08
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4
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13.5
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13.6
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13.5
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13.5
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...
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1.01
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5
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4.7
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5.5
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3.8
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3.4
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2.7
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2.04
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Ratio best\
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designed\
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to worst\
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designed
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35.51
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30.33
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43.95
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48.76
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57.44
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**Note:** The execution times (in seconds) for this chapter's listings
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**Note:** The execution times (in seconds) for this chapter's listings
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were timed when the compiled listings were run on the WordPerfect 4.2
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were timed when the compiled listings were run on the WordPerfect 4.2
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@ -102,12 +28,6 @@ and off (no opt). All times were measured with Paradigm Systems' TIMER
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program on a 10 MHz 1-wait-state AT clone with a 28-ms hard disk, with
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program on a 10 MHz 1-wait-state AT clone with a 28-ms hard disk, with
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disk caching turned off.
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disk caching turned off.
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* * * * *
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Table 1.1 Execution Times for WordPerfect Checksum.
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* * * * *
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**LISTING 1.2 L1-2.C**
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**LISTING 1.2 L1-2.C**
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/*
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/*
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51
08-04.md
51
08-04.md
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@ -38,51 +38,14 @@ optimization, isn't it?
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.code
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.code
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public _FindIDAverage
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public _FindIDAverage
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* * * * *
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| | On 20 MHz 386 | On 10 MHz 286 |
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|------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|
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| **Listing 8.1** (MSC with maximum optimization) | 294 microseconds | 768 microseconds |
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| **Listing 8.3** (Assembly) | 265 | 644 |
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| **Listing 8.4** (Optimized assembly) | 212 | 486 |
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| **Listing 8.6** (Optimized assembly with reorganized data) | 100 | 207 |
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On 20 MHz 386
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Table: Table 8.1 Execution Times of FindIDAverage.
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On 10 MHz 286
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* * * * *
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**Listing 8.1**
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294 microseconds
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768 microseconds
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(MSC with maximum optimization)
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**Listing 8.3**
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265
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644
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(Assembly)
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**Listing 8.4**
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212
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486
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(Optimized assembly)
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**Listing 8.6**
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100
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207
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(Optimized assembly with reorganized data)
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* * * * *
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Table 8.1 Execution Times of FindIDAverage.
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* * * * *
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_FindIDAverage proc near
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_FindIDAverage proc near
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push bp ;Save caller's stack frame
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push bp ;Save caller's stack frame
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138
10-02.md
138
10-02.md
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@ -42,130 +42,18 @@ poor when iS is large.
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\
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\
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**Figure 10.1** *Using a brute-force algorithm to find a GCD.*
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**Figure 10.1** *Using a brute-force algorithm to find a GCD.*
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* * * * *
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**Integer pairs for which to find GCD**
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Integer pairs for which to find GCD
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| | 90 & 27 | 42 & 998 | 453 & 121 | 27432 & 165 | 27432 & 17550 |
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|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|----------------|
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| **Listing 10.1** (Brute force) | 60µs (100%) | 110µs (100%) | 311ms (100%) | 426µs (100%) | 43580µs (100%) |
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| **Listing 10.2** (Subtraction) | 25 (42%) | 72 (65%) | 67 (22%) | 280 (66%) | 72 (0.16%) |
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| **Listing 10.3** (Division: code recursive Euclid's algorithm) | 20 (33%) | 33 (30%) | 48 (15%) | 32 (8%) | 53 (0.12%) |
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| **Listing 10.4** (C version of data recursive Euclid's algorithm; normal optimization) | 12 (20%) | 17 (15%) | 25 (8%) | 16 (4%) | 26 (0.06%) |
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| **Listing 10.4** (/Ox = maximumoptimization) | 12 (20%) | 16 (15%) | 20 (6%) | 15 (4%) | 23 (0.05%) |
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| **Listing 10.5** (Assembly version of data recursive Euclid's algorithm) | 10 (17%) | 10 (9%) | 15 (5%) | 10 (2%) | 17 (0.04%) |
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90 & 27
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Table: Table 10.1 Performance of GCD algorithm implementations.
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42 & 998
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453 & 121
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27432 & 165
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27432 & 17550
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* * * * *
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**Listing 10.1**\
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(Brute force)
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60µs\
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(100%)
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110µs\
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(100%)
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311ms\
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(100%)
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426µs\
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(100%)
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43580µs\
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(100%)
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**Listing 10.2**\
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(Subtraction)
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25\
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(42%)
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72\
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(65%)
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67\
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(22%)
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280\
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(66%)
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72\
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(0.16%)
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**Listing 10.3**\
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(Division: code recursive\
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Euclid's algorithm)
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20\
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(33%)
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33\
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(30%)
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48\
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(15%)
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32\
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(8%)
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53\
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(0.12%)
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**Listing 10.4**\
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(C version of data recursive Euclid's algorithm; normal optimization)
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12\
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(20%)
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17\
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(15%)
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25\
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(8%)
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16\
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(4%)
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26\
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(0.06%)
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**Listing 10.4**\
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(/Ox = maximumoptimization)
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12\
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(20%)
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16\
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(15)
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20\
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(6%)
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15\
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(4%)
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23\
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(0.05%)
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**Listing 10.5**\
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(Assembly version of data recursive Euclid's algorithm)
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10\
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(17%)
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10\
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(9%)
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15\
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(5%)
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10\
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(2%)
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17\
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(0.04%)
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**Note:** Performance of Listings 10.1 through 10.5 in finding the
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**Note:** Performance of Listings 10.1 through 10.5 in finding the
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greatest common divisors of various pairs of integers. Times are in
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greatest common divisors of various pairs of integers. Times are in
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@ -175,12 +63,6 @@ the execution time of Listing 10.1 for the same integer pair. Listings
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default optimization was used. All times measured with the Zen timer
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default optimization was used. All times measured with the Zen timer
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(from Chapter 3) on a 20 MHz cached 386.
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(from Chapter 3) on a 20 MHz cached 386.
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* * * * *
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Table 10.1 Performance of GCD algorithm implementations.
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* * * * *
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**LISTING 10.1 L10-1.C**
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**LISTING 10.1 L10-1.C**
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/* Finds and returns the greatest common divisor of two positive
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/* Finds and returns the greatest common divisor of two positive
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128
14-03.md
128
14-03.md
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@ -24,130 +24,22 @@ somewhat faster. Regardless, the far superior performance of **REPNZ
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SCASB** clearly indicates that assembly language is in order at this
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SCASB** clearly indicates that assembly language is in order at this
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point.
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point.
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* * * * *
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| | "g;" | "Yogi" | "igoY" | "Adrian" | "Conclusion" | "You don't know what you know" |
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|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|--------|--------|----------|--------------|--------------------------------|
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| Searching approach | (16K) | (16K) | (16K) | (\<1K) | (16K) | (16K) |
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| REPNZ SCASB on first char a (Listing 9.1) | 8.2 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 8.1 |
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| REPNZ SCASB on least common char (Listing 9.2) | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
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| Boyer-Moore in C (Listing 14.1) | 71.0 | 38.4 | 37.7 | 1.8 | 18.2 | 9.2 |
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| Standard Boyer-Moore in ASM (code not shown) | 38.5 | 21.0 | 20.5 | 0.8 | 9.4 | 4.8 |
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| Quick handling of first mismatch Boyer-Moore in ASM (Listing 14.3) | 14.1 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 2.0 |
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| \<=255 pattern length + sentinelBoyer-Moore in ASM (Listing 14.4) | 8.1 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 1.2 |
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"g;"
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Table: Table 14.1 Comparison of searching techniques.
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"Yogi"
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"igoY"
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"Adrian"
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"Conclusion"
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"You don't know what you know"
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* * * * *
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Searching approach
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(16K)
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(16K)
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(16K)
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(\<1K)
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(16K)
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(16K)
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REPNZ SCASB on first char a(Listing 9.1)
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8.2
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7.5
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9.7
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0.4
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7.4
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8.1
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REPNZ SCASB on least common char (Listing 9.2)
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7.6
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7.5
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7.5
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0.5
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7.5
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7.5
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Boyer-Moore in C (Listing 14.1)
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71.0
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38.4
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37.7
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1.8
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18.2
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9.2
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Standard Boyer-Moore in ASM(code not shown)
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38.5
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21.0
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20.5
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0.8
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9.4
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4.8
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Quick handling of first mismatch Boyer-Moore in ASM(Listing 14.3)
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14.1
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8.9
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7.7
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0.4
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4.0
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2.0
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\<=255 pattern length + sentinelBoyer-Moore in ASM(Listing 14.4)
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8.1
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5.2
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4.6
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0.3
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2.6
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1.2
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Search pattern (approximate distance searched before match is shown in
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Search pattern (approximate distance searched before match is shown in
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parentheses).\
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parentheses).\
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Times are in milliseconds; shorter is better.
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Times are in milliseconds; shorter is better.
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* * * * *
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|
|
||||||
Table 14.1 Comparison of searching techniques.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The entry "Standard Boyer-Moore in ASM" in Table 14.1 refers to
|
The entry "Standard Boyer-Moore in ASM" in Table 14.1 refers to
|
||||||
straight-forward hand optimization of Listing 14.1, code that is not
|
straight-forward hand optimization of Listing 14.1, code that is not
|
||||||
included in this chapter for the perfectly good reason that it is slower
|
included in this chapter for the perfectly good reason that it is slower
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
28
16-01.md
28
16-01.md
|
|
@ -85,33 +85,17 @@ consistent times—no seek times, rotational latency, or cache to muddy
|
||||||
the waters—and partly to highlight word-counting speed rather than disk
|
the waters—and partly to highlight word-counting speed rather than disk
|
||||||
access speed.
|
access speed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
| Listing | Time to Count Words |
|
||||||
|
|------------------------------|---------------------|
|
||||||
|
| 16.1 (C) | 4.6 seconds |
|
||||||
|
| 16.2 & 16.3 (C+ASM) | 2.4 seconds |
|
||||||
|
| 16.2 & 16.4 (C+ASM w/lookup) | 1.6 seconds |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Listing
|
Table: Table 16.1 Word count timings.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Time to Count Words
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
16.1 (C)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
4.6 seconds
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
16.2 & 16.3 (C+ASM)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2.4 seconds
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
16.2 & 16.4 (C+ASM w/lookup)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1.6 seconds
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These are the times taken to search a file containing 104,448 words,
|
These are the times taken to search a file containing 104,448 words,
|
||||||
timed from a RAM disk on a 20 MHz 386.
|
timed from a RAM disk on a 20 MHz 386.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Table 16.1 Word count timings.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**LISTING 16.1 L16-1.C**
|
**LISTING 16.1 L16-1.C**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Word-counting program. Tested with Borland C++ in C
|
/* Word-counting program. Tested with Borland C++ in C
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
70
16-05.md
70
16-05.md
|
|
@ -18,70 +18,22 @@ the time perceived by the user, but the second value best reflects the
|
||||||
quality of the optimization in each entry, since the rest of the overall
|
quality of the optimization in each entry, since the rest of the overall
|
||||||
execution time is fixed.
|
execution time is fixed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
**Word-Counting Time**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Word-Counting Time
|
| Name | Overall time | (ScanBuffer only) |
|
||||||
|
|-------------------------------------------|--------------|-------------------|
|
||||||
|
| David Stafford Listing 16.5 | 0.61 seconds | 0.33 seconds |
|
||||||
|
| Dave Methvin | 0.66 | 0.39 |
|
||||||
|
| Mick Brown | 0.70 | 0.41 |
|
||||||
|
| Wendell Neubert | 0.92 | 0.65 |
|
||||||
|
| **For Comparison:** | | |
|
||||||
|
| Michael Abrash assembly code Listing 16.1 | 1.73 | 1.44 |
|
||||||
|
| Michael Abrash C code Listing 16.4 | 4.70 | 4.43 |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Name
|
Table: Table 16.2 The top four word-counting entries.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Overall time
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(ScanBuffer only)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
David Stafford Listing 16.5
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.61 seconds
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.33 seconds
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Dave Methvin
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.66
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.39
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Mick Brown
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.70
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.41
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Wendell Neubert
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.92
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.65
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**For Comparison:**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Michael Abrash
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1.73
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1.44
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
assembly code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Listing 16.1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Michael Abrash
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
4.70
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
4.43
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Listing 16.4
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Note:** All times measured on a 20 MHz cached 386 DX.
|
**Note:** All times measured on a 20 MHz cached 386 DX.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Table 16.2 The top four word-counting entries.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**LISTING 16.5 QSCAN3.ASM**
|
**LISTING 16.5 QSCAN3.ASM**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
; QSCAN3.ASM
|
; QSCAN3.ASM
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
89
17-03.md
89
17-03.md
|
|
@ -33,85 +33,18 @@ gains out of going to a Ping-Pong arrangement so that I didn't have to
|
||||||
copy the new cellmap back to **current\_map** after calculating the next
|
copy the new cellmap back to **current\_map** after calculating the next
|
||||||
generation.
|
generation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
| | Listing 17.1 | Listing 17.3 | Listing 17.4 |
|
||||||
|
|--------------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
|
||||||
|
| **Total execution time** | 340 secs | 94 secs | 45 secs |
|
||||||
|
| **cell\_state()** | 275 | 21 | — |
|
||||||
|
| **next\_generation()** | 60 | 14 | 40 |
|
||||||
|
| **count\_neighbors()** | — | 54 | — |
|
||||||
|
| **draw\_pixel()** | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
||||||
|
| **set\_cell()** | <1 | <1 | <1 |
|
||||||
|
| **clear\_cell()** | <1 | <1 | <1 |
|
||||||
|
| **copy\_cells()** | <1 | <1 | <1 |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Listing 17.1
|
Table: Table 17.1 Execution times for the game of life.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Listing 17.3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Listing 17.4
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Total execution time**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
340 secs
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
94 secs
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
45 secs
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**cell\_state()**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
275
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
21
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
—
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**next\_generation()**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
60
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
14
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
40
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**count\_neighbors()**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
—
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
54
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
—
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**draw\_pixel()**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**set\_cell()**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**clear\_cell()**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**copy\_cells()**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\<1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Table 17.1 Execution times for the game of life.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I was wrong. Wrong, wrong, wrong. (But at least I was smart enough to
|
I was wrong. Wrong, wrong, wrong. (But at least I was smart enough to
|
||||||
use a profiler before actually writing any new code.) Table 17.1 shows
|
use a profiler before actually writing any new code.) Table 17.1 shows
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
18
18-02.md
18
18-02.md
|
|
@ -45,8 +45,6 @@ to QLIFE.ASM, and look at the assembly code in that file. This code is
|
||||||
the entirety of David's generation engine, and it's almost impossible to
|
the entirety of David's generation engine, and it's almost impossible to
|
||||||
visualize its operation without actually seeing it.
|
visualize its operation without actually seeing it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> * * * * *
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> How To Build Qlife
|
> How To Build Qlife
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> QLIFE is written for Borland C++, but it shouldn't be too difficult to
|
> QLIFE is written for Borland C++, but it shouldn't be too difficult to
|
||||||
|
|
@ -54,13 +52,13 @@ visualize its operation without actually seeing it.
|
||||||
> BUILD.BAT batch file with the size of the life grid on the command
|
> BUILD.BAT batch file with the size of the life grid on the command
|
||||||
> line (see below). The command-line options are:
|
> line (see below). The command-line options are:
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> -- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------
|
> --------- -----------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
> WIDTH 32 Sets the width of the life grid to 96 cells (divided by 3).
|
> WIDTH 32 Sets the width of the life grid to 96 cells (divided by 3).
|
||||||
> HEIGHT 96 Sets the height of the life grid to 96 cells.
|
> HEIGHT 96 Sets the height of the life grid to 96 cells.
|
||||||
> NOCOUNTER Turns off the generation counter (optional).
|
> NOCOUNTER Turns off the generation counter (optional).
|
||||||
> NODRAW Turns off drawing of the cell map (optional).
|
> NODRAW Turns off drawing of the cell map (optional).
|
||||||
> GEN 1000 Calculates 1,000 generations (optional).
|
> GEN 1000 Calculates 1,000 generations (optional).
|
||||||
> -- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------
|
> --------- -----------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> These *must* be in uppercase. For example, the minimum you really need
|
> These *must* be in uppercase. For example, the minimum you really need
|
||||||
> is "WIDTH 40 HEIGHT 120." I used "WIDTH 46 HEIGHT 138 NOCOUNTER NODRAW
|
> is "WIDTH 40 HEIGHT 120." I used "WIDTH 46 HEIGHT 138 NOCOUNTER NODRAW
|
||||||
|
|
@ -86,5 +84,3 @@ visualize its operation without actually seeing it.
|
||||||
> cache (256K is recommended).
|
> cache (256K is recommended).
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> —*David Stafford*
|
> —*David Stafford*
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> * * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
86
23-02.md
86
23-02.md
|
|
@ -49,75 +49,25 @@ every **OUT** to 3C0H, and resets to Index mode (in which the Index
|
||||||
register is programmed by the next **OUT** to 3C0H) on every read from
|
register is programmed by the next **OUT** to 3C0H) on every read from
|
||||||
the Input Status 1 register (3DAH when the VGA is in a color mode,
|
the Input Status 1 register (3DAH when the VGA is in a color mode,
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
| Register | Address |
|
||||||
|
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
|
||||||
|
| AC Index/Data register | 3C0H (write with toggle) |
|
||||||
|
| AC Index register | 3C0H (read) |
|
||||||
|
| AC Data register | 3C1H (read) |
|
||||||
|
| Miscellaneous Output register | 3C2H (write) |
|
||||||
|
| | 3CCH (read) |
|
||||||
|
| Input Status 0 register | 3C2H (read) |
|
||||||
|
| SC Index register | 3C4H (read/write) |
|
||||||
|
| SC Data register | 3C5H (read/write) |
|
||||||
|
| GC Index register | 3CEH (read/write) |
|
||||||
|
| GC Data register | 3CFH (read/write) |
|
||||||
|
| CRTC Index register | 3B4H/3D4H (read/write) |
|
||||||
|
| CRTC Data register | 3B5H/3D5H (read/write) |
|
||||||
|
| Input Status 1 register/AC Index/Data reset | 3 BAH/3DAH (read) |
|
||||||
|
| Feature Control | 3BAH/3DAH (write) |
|
||||||
|
| | 3CAH (read) |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Register
|
Table: Table 1.1 The Ports through which the VGA is controlled.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Address
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
AC Index/Data register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3C0H (write with toggle)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
AC Index register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3C0H (read)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
AC Data register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3C1H (read)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Miscellaneous Output register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3C2H (write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CCH (read)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Input Status 0 register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3C2H (read)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
SC Index register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3C4H (read/write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
SC Data register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3C5H (read/write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
GC Index register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CEH (read/write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
GC Data register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CFH (read/write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
CRTC Index register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3B4H/3D4H (read/write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
CRTC Data register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3B5H/3D5H (read/write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Input Status 1 register/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
AC Index/Data reset
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3 BAH/3DAH (read)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Feature Control
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3BAH/3DAH (write)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CAH (read)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Table 1.1 The Ports through which the VGA is controlled.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3BAH in monochrome modes). Note that all CRTC registers are addressed at
|
3BAH in monochrome modes). Note that all CRTC registers are addressed at
|
||||||
either 3DXH or 3BXH, the former in color modes and the latter in
|
either 3DXH or 3BXH, the former in color modes and the latter in
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
131
39-02.md
131
39-02.md
|
|
@ -21,120 +21,19 @@ with Borland C++, but may not work with other compilers, for it relies
|
||||||
on the aforementioned interaction between memset and the selected memory
|
on the aforementioned interaction between memset and the selected memory
|
||||||
model.
|
model.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
| Implementation | Total Polygon Filling Time | DrawHorizontal LineList | ScanEdge | FillConvex Polygon |
|
||||||
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------|--------------------|
|
||||||
|
| Drawing to display memory in mode 13h | | | | |
|
||||||
|
| C floating point scan/DrawPixel drawing code from Chapter 38, (small model) | 11.69 | 5.80 seconds (50% of total) | 5.86 (50%) | 0.03 (<1%) |
|
||||||
|
| C floating point scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1, compact model) | 6.64 | 0.49 (7%) | 6.11 (92%) | 0.04 (<1%) |
|
||||||
|
| C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 & Listing 39.2, compact model) | 0.60 | 0.49 (82%) | 0.07 (12%) | 0.04 (7%) |
|
||||||
|
| C integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.2 & Listing 39.3, small model) | 0.45 | 0.36 (80%) | 0.06 (13%) | 0.03 (7%) |
|
||||||
|
| ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 40.3 & Listing 40.4, small model) | 0.42 | 0.36 (86%) | 0.03 (7%) | 0.03 (7%) |
|
||||||
|
| Drawing to system memory | | | | |
|
||||||
|
| C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 & Listing 39.2, compact model) | 0.31 | 0.20 (65%) | 0.07 (23%) | 0.04 (13%) |
|
||||||
|
| ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.3 & Listing 39.4, small model) | 0.13 | 0.07 (54%) | 0.03 (23%) | 0.03 (23%) |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Implementation
|
Table: Table 39.1 Polygon fill performance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Total Polygon\
|
|
||||||
Filling Time
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
DrawHorizontal\
|
|
||||||
LineList
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ScanEdge
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
FillConvex\
|
|
||||||
Polygon
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Drawing to display memory in mode 13h
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C floating point scan/DrawPixel drawing code from Chapter 38, (small
|
|
||||||
model)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
11.69
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
5.80 seconds\
|
|
||||||
(50% of total)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
5.86\
|
|
||||||
(50%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.03\
|
|
||||||
(\<1%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C floating point scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1, compact model)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
6.64
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.49\
|
|
||||||
(7%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
6.11\
|
|
||||||
(92%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.04\
|
|
||||||
(\<1%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 & Listing 39.2, compact
|
|
||||||
model)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.60
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.49\
|
|
||||||
(82%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.07\
|
|
||||||
(12%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.04\
|
|
||||||
(7%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.2 & Listing 39.3, small model)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.45
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.36\
|
|
||||||
(80%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.06\
|
|
||||||
(13%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.03\
|
|
||||||
(7%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 40.3 & Listing 40.4,small model)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.42
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.36\
|
|
||||||
(86%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.03\
|
|
||||||
(7%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.03\
|
|
||||||
(7%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Drawing to system memory
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C integer scan/memset drawing (Listing 39.1 & Listing 39.2,compact
|
|
||||||
model)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.31
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.20\
|
|
||||||
(65%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.07\
|
|
||||||
(23%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.04\
|
|
||||||
(13%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ASM integer scan/ASM drawing (Listing 39.3 & Listing 39.4,small model)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.13
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.07\
|
|
||||||
(54%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.03\
|
|
||||||
(23%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.03\
|
|
||||||
(23%)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
All times are in seconds, as measured with Turbo Profiler on a 20-MHz
|
All times are in seconds, as measured with Turbo Profiler on a 20-MHz
|
||||||
cached 386 with no math coprocessor installed. Note that time spent in
|
cached 386 with no math coprocessor installed. Note that time spent in
|
||||||
|
|
@ -144,12 +43,6 @@ assembled with TASM. Percentages of combined times are rounded to the
|
||||||
nearest percent, so the sum of the three percentages does not always
|
nearest percent, so the sum of the three percentages does not always
|
||||||
equal 100.
|
equal 100.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Table 39.1 Polygon fill performance.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**LISTING 39.1 L39-1.C**
|
**LISTING 39.1 L39-1.C**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Draws all pixels in the list of horizontal lines passed in, in
|
/* Draws all pixels in the list of horizontal lines passed in, in
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
131
43-02.md
131
43-02.md
|
|
@ -53,118 +53,27 @@ want, which is an approach that keeps images in one plane from
|
||||||
interfering with images in other planes while providing precedence and
|
interfering with images in other planes while providing precedence and
|
||||||
transparency.
|
transparency.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
| Bit Value For Plane\
|
||||||
|
3 2 1 0 | Palette Register | Register setting |
|
||||||
|
|-----------------------------|------------------|------------------|
|
||||||
|
| 0 0 0 0 | 0 | 00H (black) |
|
||||||
|
| 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 3AH (green) |
|
||||||
|
| 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 0 1 0 0 | 4 | 39H (blue) |
|
||||||
|
| 0 1 0 1 | 5 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 0 1 1 0 | 6 | 3AH (green) |
|
||||||
|
| 0 1 1 1 | 7 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 0 0 0 | 8 | 3FH (white) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 0 0 1 | 9 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 0 1 0 | 10 | 3AH (green) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 0 1 1 | 11 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 1 0 0 | 12 | 39H (blue) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 1 0 1 | 13 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 1 1 0 | 14 | 3AH (green) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 1 1 1 | 15 | 3CH (red) |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Bit Value For Plane\
|
Table: Table 43.1 Palette RAM settings for bit-plane animation.
|
||||||
3 2 1 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Palette Register
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Register setting
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 0 0 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
00H (black)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 0 0 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 0 1 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3AH (green)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 0 1 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 1 0 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
4
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
39H (blue)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 1 0 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
5
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 1 1 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
6
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3AH (green)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0 1 1 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
7
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 0 0 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
8
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3FH (white)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 0 0 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
9
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 0 1 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
10
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3AH (green)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 0 1 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
11
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 1 0 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
12
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
39H (blue)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 1 0 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
13
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 1 1 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
14
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3AH (green)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1 1 1 1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
15
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3CH (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Table 43.1 Palette RAM settings for bit-plane animation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\
|
\
|
||||||
**Figure 43.4** *How pixel precedence works.*
|
**Figure 43.4** *How pixel precedence works.*
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
95
43-05.md
95
43-05.md
|
|
@ -14,83 +14,26 @@ Another limitation of bit-plane animation is that it's best if images
|
||||||
stored in the same plane never cross each other. Why? Because when
|
stored in the same plane never cross each other. Why? Because when
|
||||||
images do cross, the blank fringe
|
images do cross, the blank fringe
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
| Palette Register | Register Setting |
|
||||||
|
|------------------|------------------|
|
||||||
|
| 0 | 00H (black) |
|
||||||
|
| 1 | 01H (blue) |
|
||||||
|
| 2 | 02H (green) |
|
||||||
|
| 3 | 03H (cyan) |
|
||||||
|
| 4 | 04H (red) |
|
||||||
|
| 5 | 05H (magenta) |
|
||||||
|
| 6 | 14H (brown) |
|
||||||
|
| 7 | 07H (light gray) |
|
||||||
|
| 8 | 3EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
| 9 | 3EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
| 10 | 3EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
| 11 | 13EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
| 12 | 3EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
| 13 | 3EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
| 14 | 3EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
| 15 | 3EH (yellow) |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Palette Register
|
Table: Table 43.2 Palette RAM settings for two-plane animation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Register Setting
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
00H (black)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
01H (blue)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
02H (green)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
03H (cyan)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
4
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
04H (red)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
5
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
05H (magenta)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
6
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
14H (brown)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
7
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
07H (light gray)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
8
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
9
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
10
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
13EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
12
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
13
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
14
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
15
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3EH (yellow)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Table 43.2 Palette RAM settings for two-plane animation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
around each image can temporarily erase the overlapped parts of the
|
around each image can temporarily erase the overlapped parts of the
|
||||||
other image or images, resulting in momentary flicker. While that's not
|
other image or images, resulting in momentary flicker. While that's not
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
81
45-02.md
81
45-02.md
|
|
@ -24,80 +24,17 @@ thumb for VGA reads, although there's considerable variation. So VGA
|
||||||
memory tends not to be as bad as VGA I/O, but lord knows it isn't
|
memory tends not to be as bad as VGA I/O, but lord knows it isn't
|
||||||
*good*.
|
*good*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
**OUT Time in Microseconds and Cycles**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
OUT Time in Microseconds and Cycles
|
| OUT Instruction | Official Time | 486 #1/16-bit VGA #1 | 486 #2/16-bit VGA #2 |
|
||||||
|
|-----------------|---------------|----------------------|----------------------|
|
||||||
|
| OUT DX,AL repeated 1,000 times nonstop (maximum byte access) | 0.300s 10 cycles | 2.546s 84 cycles | 0.813s 27 cycles |
|
||||||
|
| OUT DX,AX repeated 1,000 times nonstop (maximum word access) | 0.300s 10 cycles | 3.820s 126 cycles | 1.066s 35 cycles |
|
||||||
|
| OUT DX,AL repeated 1,000 times, but interspersed with MULs (random byte access) | 0.300s 10 cycles | 1.610s 53 cycles | 0.780s 26 cycles |
|
||||||
|
| OUT DX,AX repeated 1,000 times, but interspersed with MULs (random word access) | 0.300s 10 cycles | 2.830s 93 cycles | 1.010s 33 cycles |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
OUT Instruction
|
Table: Table 45.1 Results of I/O performance tests run under the Phar
|
||||||
|
Lap386|DOS-Extender.
|
||||||
Official Time
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
486 \#1/16-bit VGA \#1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
486 \#2/16-bit VGA \#2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
OUT DX,AL
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
repeated 1,000 times nonstop\
|
|
||||||
(maximum byte access)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.300 s\
|
|
||||||
10 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2.546 s\
|
|
||||||
84 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.813 s\
|
|
||||||
27 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
OUT DX,AX
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
repeated 1,000 times nonstop\
|
|
||||||
(maximum word access)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.300 s\
|
|
||||||
10 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3.820 s\
|
|
||||||
126 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1.066 s\
|
|
||||||
35 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
OUT DX,AL
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
repeated 1,000 times,\
|
|
||||||
but interspersed with MULs\
|
|
||||||
(random byte access)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.300 s\
|
|
||||||
10 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1.610 s\
|
|
||||||
53 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.780 s\
|
|
||||||
26 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
OUT DX,AX
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
repeated 1,000 times,\
|
|
||||||
but interspersed with MULs\
|
|
||||||
(random word access)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0.300 s\
|
|
||||||
10 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2.830 s\
|
|
||||||
93 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1.010 s\
|
|
||||||
33 cycles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Table 45.1 Results of I/O performance tests run under the Phar
|
|
||||||
Lap386|DOS-Extender.**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * * * *
|
* * * * *
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue