Normal quotes

63-01.md

@@ -8,27 +8,27 @@ Chapter 63\
 
 ### Knowing When to Hurl Conventional Math Wisdom Out the Window {#Heading2}
 
-In a crisis, sometimes it’s best to go with the first solution that
+In a crisis, sometimes it's best to go with the first solution that
 comes into your head—but not very often.
 
 When I turned 16, my mother had an aging, three-cylinder Saab—not one of
-the sporty Saabs that appeared in the late ’70s, but a blunt-nosed,
+the sporty Saabs that appeared in the late '70s, but a blunt-nosed,
 ungainly little wagon that seated up to seven people in sardine-like
 comfort, with two of them perched on the gas tank. That was the car I
 learned to drive on, and the one I took whenever I wanted to go
-somewhere and my mother didn’t need it.
+somewhere and my mother didn't need it.
 
-My father’s car, on the other hand, was a Volvo sedan, only a couple of
+My father's car, on the other hand, was a Volvo sedan, only a couple of
 years old and easily the classiest car my family had ever owned. To the
-best of my recollection, as of New Year’s of my senior year, I had never
-driven that car. However, I was going to a New Year’s party—in fact, I
+best of my recollection, as of New Year's of my senior year, I had never
+driven that car. However, I was going to a New Year's party—in fact, I
 was going to chauffeur four other people—and for reasons lost in the
 mists of time, I was allowed to take the Volvo. So, one crystal clear,
 stunningly cold night, I picked up my passengers, who included Robin
-Viola, Kathy Smith, Jude Hawron...and Alan, whose last name I’ll omit in
+Viola, Kathy Smith, Jude Hawron...and Alan, whose last name I'll omit in
 case he wants to run for president someday.
 
-The party was at Craig Alexander’s house, way out in the middle of
+The party was at Craig Alexander's house, way out in the middle of
 nowhere, and it was a good one. I heard Al Green for the first time,
 much beer was consumed (none by me, though), and around 2 a.m., we
 decided it was time to head home. So we piled into the Volvo, cranked
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ the heat up to the max, and set off.
 
 We had gone about five miles when I sensed Alan was trying to tell me
 something. As I turned toward him, he said, quite expressively,
-“BLEARGH!” and deposited a considerable volume of what had until
+"BLEARGH!" and deposited a considerable volume of what had until
 recently been beer and chips into his lap.
 
-Mind you, this wasn’t just any car Alan was tossing his cookies in—it
-was my father’s prized Volvo. My reactions were up to the task; without
-a moment’s hesitation, I shouted, “Do it out the window! Open the
-window!” Alan obligingly rolled the window down and, with flawless aim,
+Mind you, this wasn't just any car Alan was tossing his cookies in—it
+was my father's prized Volvo. My reactions were up to the task; without
+a moment's hesitation, I shouted, "Do it out the window! Open the
+window!" Alan obligingly rolled the window down and, with flawless aim,
 sent some more erstwhile beer and chips on its way.
 
 And it was here that I learned that fast decisions are not necessarily
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ slipstream and splattered along the length of the car. At that point, I
 did what I should have done in the first place; I stopped the car so
 Alan could get out and finish being sick in peace, while I assessed the
 full dimensions of the disaster. Not only was the rear half of the car
-on the passenger side—including Robin’s window, accounting for the
+on the passenger side—including Robin's window, accounting for the
 yelp—covered, but the noxious substance had frozen solid. It looked like
 someone had melted an enormous candle, or possibly put cake frosting on
 the car.
 
 The next morning, my father was remarkably good-natured about the whole
-thing, considering, although I don’t remember ever actually driving the
+thing, considering, although I don't remember ever actually driving the
 Volvo again. My penance consisted of cleaning the car, no small
 punishment considering that I had to take a hair dryer out to our
 unheated garage and melt and clean the gunk one small piece at a time.
@@ -68,26 +68,26 @@ if anyone shows signed of being ill, a bit of wisdom that has proven
 useful a suprising number of times over the years. More important,
 though, is the lesson that it almost always pays to take at least a few
 seconds to size up a crisis situation and choose an effective response,
-and that’s served me well more times than I can count.
+and that's served me well more times than I can count.
 
-There’s a surprisingly close analog to this in programming. Often, when
-faced with a problem in his or her code, a programmer’s response is to
+There's a surprisingly close analog to this in programming. Often, when
+faced with a problem in his or her code, a programmer's response is to
 come up with a solution as quickly as possible and immediately hack it
 in. For all but the simplest problems, though, there are side effects
 and design issues involved that should be thought through before any
 coding is done. I try to think of bugs and other problem situations as
 opportunities to reexamine how my code works, as well as chances to
-detect and correct structural defects I hadn’t previously suspected; in
-fact, I’m often able to simplify code as I fix a bug, thanks to the
+detect and correct structural defects I hadn't previously suspected; in
+fact, I'm often able to simplify code as I fix a bug, thanks to the
 understanding I gain in the process.
 
-Taking that a step farther, it’s useful to reexamine assumptions
+Taking that a step farther, it's useful to reexamine assumptions
 periodically even if no bugs are involved. You might be surprised at how
 quickly assumptions that once were completely valid can deteriorate.
 
 For example, consider floating-point math.
 
-### Not Your Father’s Floating-Point {#Heading3}
+### Not Your Father's Floating-Point {#Heading3}
 
 Until last year, I had never done any serious floating-point (FP)
 optimization, for the perfectly good reason that FP math had never been
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ subtraction are nearly as fast as integer operations, and FP
 multiplication and division have the potential to be much faster—all
 with the range and precision advantages of FP. Better yet, the FPU has
 its own set of eight registers, so the use of floating-point can help
-relieve pressure on the x86’s integer registers, as well.
+relieve pressure on the x86's integer registers, as well.
 
 One effect of all this is that with the Pentium, floating-point on the
 x86 has gone from being irrelevant to real-time 3-D to being a key
@@ -121,24 +121,24 @@ more vertices to transform and project, and far more motion physics and
 line-of-sight calculations and the like as well.
 
 By way of getting you started with floating-point for real-time 3-D, in
-this chapter I’ll examine the basics of Pentium FP optimization, then
+this chapter I'll examine the basics of Pentium FP optimization, then
 look at how some key mathematical techniques for 3-D—dot product, cross
 product, transformation, and projection—can be accelerated.
 
 ### Pentium Floating-Point Optimization {#Heading4}
 
-I’m going to assume you’re already familiar with x86 FP code in general;
-for additional information, check out Intel’s *Pentium Processor User’s
+I'm going to assume you're already familiar with x86 FP code in general;
+for additional information, check out Intel's *Pentium Processor User's
 Manual* (order \#241430-001; 1-800-548-4725), a book that you should
-have if you’re doing Pentium programming of any sort. I’d also recommend
+have if you're doing Pentium programming of any sort. I'd also recommend
 taking a look around [http://www.intel.com](http://www.intel.com).
 
-I’m going to focus on six core instructions in this section: FLD, FST,
-FADD, FSUB, FMUL, and FDIV. First, let’s look at cycle times for these
+I'm going to focus on six core instructions in this section: FLD, FST,
+FADD, FSUB, FMUL, and FDIV. First, let's look at cycle times for these
 instructions. FLD takes 1 cycle; the value is pushed onto the FP stack
 and ready for use on the next cycle. FST takes 2 cycles, although when
-storing to memory, there’s a potential extra cycle that can be lost, as
-I’ll describe shortly.
+storing to memory, there's a potential extra cycle that can be lost, as
+I'll describe shortly.
 
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