Normal quotes

50-01.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Chapter 50\
 ### 3-D Animation Using Mode X {#Heading2}
 
 When I first started programming micros, more than 11 years ago now,
-there wasn’t much money in it, or visibility, or anything you could call
+there wasn't much money in it, or visibility, or anything you could call
 a promising career. Sometimes, it was a way to accomplish things that
 would never have gotten done otherwise because minicomputer time cost
 too much; other times, it paid the rent; mostly, though, it was just for
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ Times change, and they seem to do so much faster in computer technology
 than in other parts of the universe. A 486 is capable of decent 3-D
 animation, owing to its integrated math coprocessor; not in the class
 of, say, an i860, but pretty good nonetheless. A 386 is less
-satisfactory, though; the 387 is no match for the 486’s coprocessor, and
+satisfactory, though; the 387 is no match for the 486's coprocessor, and
 most 386 systems lack coprocessors. However, all is not lost; 32-bit
 registers and built-in integer multiply and divide hardware make it
 possible to do some very interesting 3-D animation on a 386 with
-fixed-point arithmetic. Actually, it’s possible to do a surprising
+fixed-point arithmetic. Actually, it's possible to do a surprising
 amount of 3-D animation in real mode, and even on lesser x86 processors;
 in fact, the code in this article will perform real-time 3-D animation
 (admittedly very simple, but nonetheless real-time and 3-D) on a 286
@@ -54,17 +54,17 @@ floating-point arithmetic. In short, the potential for 3-D animation on
 the x86 family is considerable.
 
 With this chapter, we kick off an exploration of some of the sorts of
-3-D animation that can be performed on the x86 family. Mind you, I’m
+3-D animation that can be performed on the x86 family. Mind you, I'm
 talking about real-time 3-D animation, with all calculations and drawing
 performed on-the-fly. Generating frames ahead of time and playing them
-back is an excellent technique, but I’m interested in seeing how far we
-can push purely real-time animation. Granted, we’re not going to make it
+back is an excellent technique, but I'm interested in seeing how far we
+can push purely real-time animation. Granted, we're not going to make it
 to the level of Terminator 2, but we should have some fun nonetheless.
 The first few chapters in this final section of the book may seem pretty
 basic to those of you experienced with 3-D programming, and, at the same
 time, 3-D neophytes will inevitably be distressed at the amount of
-material I skip or skim over. That can’t be helped, but at least
-there’ll be working code, the references mentioned later, and some
+material I skip or skim over. That can't be helped, but at least
+there'll be working code, the references mentioned later, and some
 explanation; that should be enough to start you on your way with 3-D.
 
 Animating in three dimensions is a complex task, so this will be the
@@ -72,46 +72,46 @@ largest single section of the book, with later chapters building on
 earlier ones; and even this first 3-D chapter will rely on polygon fill
 and page-flip code from earlier chapters.
 
-In a sense, I’ve saved the best for last, because, to my mind, real-time
+In a sense, I've saved the best for last, because, to my mind, real-time
 3-D animation is one of the most exciting things of any stripe that can
-be done with a computer—and because, with today’s hardware, it can in
+be done with a computer—and because, with today's hardware, it can in
 fact be done. Nay, it can be done amazingly well.
 
 ### References on 3-D Drawing {#Heading3}
 
 There are several good sources for information about 3-D graphics. Foley
-and van Dam’s *Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice* (Second
+and van Dam's *Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice* (Second
 Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1990) provides a lengthy discussion of the
 topic and a great many references for further study. Unfortunately, this
 book is heavy going at times; a more approachable discussion is provided
 in *Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics*, by Newman and Sproull
-(McGraw-Hill, 1979). Although the latter book lacks the last decade’s
+(McGraw-Hill, 1979). Although the latter book lacks the last decade's
 worth of graphics developments, it nonetheless provides a good overview
 of basic 3-D techniques, including many of the approaches likely to work
 well in realtime on a PC.
 
 A source that you may or may not find useful is the series of six books
 on C graphics by Lee Adams, as exemplified by *High-Performance CAD
-Graphics in C* (Windcrest/Tab, 1986). (I don’t know if all six books
-discuss 3-D graphics, but the four I’ve seen do.) To be honest, this
+Graphics in C* (Windcrest/Tab, 1986). (I don't know if all six books
+discuss 3-D graphics, but the four I've seen do.) To be honest, this
 book has a number of problems, including: Relatively little theory and
 explanation; incomplete and sometimes erroneous discussions of graphics
 hardware; use of nothing but global variables, with cryptic names like
-“array3” and “B21;” and—well, you get the idea. On the other hand, the
+"array3" and "B21;" and—well, you get the idea. On the other hand, the
 book at least touches on a great many aspects of 3-D drawing, and
-there’s a lot of C code to back that up. A number of people have spoken
-warmly to me of Adams’ books as their introduction to 3-D graphics. I
-wouldn’t recommend these books as your only 3-D references, but if
-you’re just starting out, you might want to look at one and see if it
+there's a lot of C code to back that up. A number of people have spoken
+warmly to me of Adams' books as their introduction to 3-D graphics. I
+wouldn't recommend these books as your only 3-D references, but if
+you're just starting out, you might want to look at one and see if it
 helps you bridge the gap between the theory and implementation of 3-D
 graphics.
 
 ### The 3-D Drawing Pipeline {#Heading4}
 
-Each 3-D object that we’ll handle will be built out of polygons that
+Each 3-D object that we'll handle will be built out of polygons that
 represent the surface of the object. Figure 50.1 shows the stages a
 polygon goes through enroute to being drawn on the screen. (For the
-present, we’ll avoid complications such as clipping, lighting, and
+present, we'll avoid complications such as clipping, lighting, and
 shading.) First, the polygon is transformed from object space, the
 coordinate system the object is defined in, to world space, the
 coordinate system of the 3-D universe. Transformation may involve
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ axis off to the right. Once in view space, the polygon can be
 perspective-projected to the screen, with the projected X and Y
 coordinates of the vertices finally being used to draw the polygon.
 
-That’s really all there is to basic 3-D drawing: transformation from
-object space to world space to view space to the screen. Next, we’ll
+That's really all there is to basic 3-D drawing: transformation from
+object space to world space to view space to the screen. Next, we'll
 look at the mechanics of transformation.
 
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