Normal quotes

32-05.md

@@ -13,20 +13,20 @@ clocks on board, and one of those clocks is just sufficiently faster
 than the other clock so that an extra 80 (or 40) pixels can be displayed
 on each scan line.
 
-In other words, there’s a slow clock (about 25 MHz) that’s usually used
+In other words, there's a slow clock (about 25 MHz) that's usually used
 in graphics modes to get 640 (or 320) pixels on the screen during each
-scan line, and a second, fast clock (about 28 MHz) that’s usually used
+scan line, and a second, fast clock (about 28 MHz) that's usually used
 in text modes to crank out 720 (or 360) pixels per scan line. In
 particular, 320x400 256-color mode uses the 25 MHz clock.
 
-I’ll bet that you can see where I’m headed: We can switch from the 25
+I'll bet that you can see where I'm headed: We can switch from the 25
 MHz clock to the 28 MHz clock in 320x480 256mode in order to get more
-pixels. It takes two clocks to produce one 256-color pixel, so we’ll get
+pixels. It takes two clocks to produce one 256-color pixel, so we'll get
 40 rather than 80 extra pixels by doing this, bringing our horizontal
 resolution to the desired 360 pixels.
 
-Switching horizontal resolutions sounds easy, doesn’t it? Alas, it’s
-not. There’s no standard VGA mode that uses the 28 MHz clock to draw 8
+Switching horizontal resolutions sounds easy, doesn't it? Alas, it's
+not. There's no standard VGA mode that uses the 28 MHz clock to draw 8
 rather than 9 dots per character, so the timing parameters have to be
 calculated from scratch. John Bridges has already done that for us, but
 I want you to appreciate that producing this mode took some work. The
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ next, and the clock speed all have to be altered in order to set up
 does all that, and sets up the registers that control vertical
 resolution, as well.
 
-Once all that’s done, the VGA is in 360x480 mode, awaiting our every
+Once all that's done, the VGA is in 360x480 mode, awaiting our every
 high-resolution 256-color graphics whim.
 
 #### Accessing Display Memory in 360x480 256-Color Mode {#Heading8}
@@ -80,25 +80,25 @@ The other programming difference between the two modes is that the area
 of display memory mapped to the screen is longer in 360x480 256-color
 mode, which is only common sense given that there are more pixels in
 that mode. The exact amount of memory required in 360x480 256-color mode
-is 360 times 480 = 172,800 bytes. That’s more than half of the VGA’s 256
-Kb memory complement, so page-flipping is out; however, there’s no
-reason you couldn’t use that extra memory to create a virtual screen
+is 360 times 480 = 172,800 bytes. That's more than half of the VGA's 256
+Kb memory complement, so page-flipping is out; however, there's no
+reason you couldn't use that extra memory to create a virtual screen
 larger than 360x480, around which you could then scroll, if you wish.
 
-That’s really all there is to drawing in 360x480 256-color mode. From a
+That's really all there is to drawing in 360x480 256-color mode. From a
 programming perspective, this mode is no more complicated than 320x400
 256-color mode once the mode set is completed, and should be capable of
-good performance given some clever coding. It’s not particular
+good performance given some clever coding. It's not particular
 straightforward to implement bitblt, block move, or fast line-drawing
 code for any of the extended 256-color modes, but it can be done—and
-it’s worth the trouble. Even the small taste we’ve gotten of the
+it's worth the trouble. Even the small taste we've gotten of the
 capabilities of these modes shows that they put the traditional CGA,
 EGA, and generally even VGA modes to shame.
 
 ![](images/32-01.jpg)\
  **Figure 32.1**  *Pixel organization in 360x480 256-color mode.*
 
-There’s more and better to come, though; in later chapters, we’ll return
+There's more and better to come, though; in later chapters, we'll return
 to high-resolution 256-color programming in a big way, by exploring the
 tremendous potential of these modes for real time 2-D and 3-D animation.