Normal quotes

32-04.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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-The second thing you’ll notice is that exquisite shading effects are
+The second thing you'll notice is that exquisite shading effects are
 possible in 360x480 256-color mode; adjacent lines blend together
 remarkably smoothly, even with the default palette. The VGA allows you
 to select your 256 colors from a palette of 256K, so you could, if you
@@ -20,34 +20,34 @@ pixels as the entire mode 13H screen; in all, 360x480 256-color mode has
 2.7 times as many pixels as mode 13H! As mentioned above, the resolution
 is unevenly distributed, with vertical resolution matching that of mode
 12H but horizontal resolution barely exceeding that of mode 13H—but
-resolution is hot stuff, no matter how it’s laid out, and 360x480
-256-color mode has the highest 256-color resolution you’re ever likely
+resolution is hot stuff, no matter how it's laid out, and 360x480
+256-color mode has the highest 256-color resolution you're ever likely
 to see on a standard VGA. (SuperVGAs are quite another matter—but when
-you *require* a SuperVGA you’re automatically excluding what might be a
+you *require* a SuperVGA you're automatically excluding what might be a
 significant chunk of the market for your code.)
 
-Now that we’ve seen the wonders of which our new mode is capable, let’s
+Now that we've seen the wonders of which our new mode is capable, let's
 take the time to understand how it works.
 
 ### How 360x480 256-Color Mode Works {#Heading5}
 
-In describing 360x480 256-color mode, I’m going to assume that you’re
+In describing 360x480 256-color mode, I'm going to assume that you're
 familiar with the discussion of 320x400 256-color mode in the last
 chapter. If not, go back to that chapter and read it; the two modes have
-a great deal in common, and I’m not going to bore you by repeating
+a great deal in common, and I'm not going to bore you by repeating
 myself when the goods are just a few page flips (the paper kind) away.
 
 360x480 256-color mode is essentially 320x400 256-color mode, but
-stretched in both dimensions. Let’s look at the vertical stretching
-first, since that’s the simpler of the two.
+stretched in both dimensions. Let's look at the vertical stretching
+first, since that's the simpler of the two.
 
 #### 480 Scan Lines per Screen: A Little Slower, But No Big Deal {#Heading6}
 
-There’s nothing unusual about 480 scan lines; standard modes 11H and 12H
+There's nothing unusual about 480 scan lines; standard modes 11H and 12H
 support that vertical resolution. The number of scan lines has nothing
 to do with either the number of colors or the horizontal resolution, so
 converting 320x400 256mode to 320x480 256-color mode is a simple matter
-of reprogramming the VGA’s vertical control registers—which control the
+of reprogramming the VGA's vertical control registers—which control the
 scan lines displayed, the vertical sync pulse, vertical blanking, and
 the total number of scan lines—to the 480-scansettings, and setting the
 polarities of the horizontal and vertical sync pulses to tell the
@@ -60,31 +60,31 @@ rate slows to 60 Hz. (VGA monitors always scan at the same rate
 horizontally; that is, the distance across the screen covered by the
 electron beam in a given period of time is the same in all modes.
 Consequently, adding extra lines per frame requires extra time.) 60 Hz
-isn’t *bad*—that’s the only refresh rate the EGA ever supported, and the
+isn't *bad*—that's the only refresh rate the EGA ever supported, and the
 EGA was the industry standard in its time—but it does tend to flicker a
 little more and so is a little harder on the eyes than 70 Hz.
 
 #### 360 Pixels per Scan Line: No Mean Feat {#Heading7}
 
 Converting from 320 to 360 pixels per scan line is more difficult than
-converting from 400 to 480 scan lines per screen. None of the VGA’s
+converting from 400 to 480 scan lines per screen. None of the VGA's
 graphics modes supports 360 pixels across the screen, or anything like
 it; the standard choices are 320 and 640 pixels across. However, the VGA
 *does* support the horizontal resolution we seek—360 pixels—in 40-column
 *text* mode.
 
 Unfortunately, the register settings that select those horizontal
-resolutions aren’t directly transferable to graphics mode. Text modes
+resolutions aren't directly transferable to graphics mode. Text modes
 display 9 dots (the width of one character) for each time information is
 fetched from display memory, while graphics modes display just 4 or 8
-dots per display memory fetch. (Although it’s a bit confusing, it’s
+dots per display memory fetch. (Although it's a bit confusing, it's
 standard terminology to refer to the interval required for one display
-memory fetch as a “character,” and I’ll follow that terminology from now
+memory fetch as a "character," and I'll follow that terminology from now
 on.) Consequently, both modes display either 40 or 80 characters per
 scan line; the only difference is that text modes display more pixels
-per character. Given that graphics modes *can’t* display 9 dots per
-character (there’s only enough information for eight 16pixels or four
-256-color pixels in each memory fetch, and that’s that), we’d seem to be
+per character. Given that graphics modes *can't* display 9 dots per
+character (there's only enough information for eight 16pixels or four
+256-color pixels in each memory fetch, and that's that), we'd seem to be
 at an impasse.
 
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